A world-wide key to the genus Graphis (Ostropales: Graphidaceae)

A world-wide key to the genus Graphis is presented, based on extensive type studies and revision of several thousand historical and recent collections. A total of 330 species are accepted and included in the key, and a further 205 epithets are listed as synonyms. The structured key includes taxonomic information on type specimens of epithets considered to be synonyms of the accepted species. In addition, 28 species of other genera (Carbacanthographis, Diorygma, Dyplolabia, Glyphis) with carbonized excipulum and hyaline ascospores likely to be confused with Graphis are mentioned under the corresponding key couplets. Although the key is preliminary and some taxonomic and nomenclatural problems remain unresolved at this time, it should allow reliable identification of most specimens especially from tropical regions. The following 14 species are described as new: Graphis brahmanensis Aptroot sp. nov., G. cupei Vain. ex Lucking sp. nov., G. funilina Aptroot sp. nov., G. inspersolongula Aptroot sp. nov., G. leucaenae Aptroot sp. nov., G. lourdesina Aptroot sp. nov., G. myolensis Aptroot sp. nov., G. nadurina Aptroot sp. nov., G. norstictica Archer & Lucking sp. nov., G. sarawakensis Hale ex Lucking sp. nov., G. slendrae Hale ex Lucking sp. nov., G. subintermedians Hale ex Lucking sp. nov., G. subserpens Staiger sp. nov., and G. syzygii Aptroot sp. nov. In addition, 22 new combinations are proposed: Carbacanthographis cleitops (Fee) Lucking comb. nov., C. coccospora (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lucking comb. nov., G. induta (Mull. Arg.) Lucking comb. nov., C. triphoroides (M. Wirth & Hale) Lucking comb. nov., Graphis apoda (Zahlbr.) Lucking comb. et stat. nov., G. cremicolor (H. Magn.) Lucking & Archer comb. nov., G. enteroleuca (Ach.) Lucking comb. nov., G. evirescens (Redinger) Lucking comb. nov., G. galactoderma (Zahlbr.) Lucking comb. nov., G. ingarum (Vain.) Lucking comb. et stat. nov., G. isidiata (Hale) Lucking comb. nov., G. japonica (Mull. Arg.) A. W. Archer & Lucking comb. nov., G. kousyuensis (Horik. & M. Nakan.) Lucking comb. nov., G. negrosina (Vain.) Lucking comb. et stat. nov., G. oxyspora (Zahlbr.) Lucking comb. nov., G. plumbea (Zahlbr.) Lucking comb. nov., G. riopiedrensis (Fink) Lucking comb. nov., G. semirigida (Mull.Arg.) Lucking comb. nov., G. subradiata (Nyl.) Lucking comb. et stat. nov., G. subtecta (Nyl.) Lucking comb. et stat. nov., and G. sulphurella (Zahlbr.) Lucking comb. nov. Replacement names are established for six taxa: Graphis jeanmuelleri Lucking nom. nov [equivalent to Graphina elegantula Mulla Arg., non Graphis elegantula Zahlbr.]. Graphis neoelongata Lucking nom. nov. [equivalent to G. elongata Vain., non G. elongata Zenker], Graphis novopalmicola A. W. Archer & Lucking nom. nov. [equivalent to Graphina palmicola Mull. Arg., non Graphis palmicola Makhija & Adaw.], Graphis paralleloides Caceres & Lucking norm. nov. [equivalent to G. rimulosa var. parallela Mull. Arg., non G. parallela Mull. Arg.], Graphis subalbostriata Lucking nom. nov. [equivalent to G. angustata var. albostriata Vain., non G. albostriata Vain.], and Graphis subvernicosa Lucking nom. nov. [equivalent to Opegrapha vernicosa Fee, non G. vernicosa Nyl.]. Three new synonyms are established for Glyphis substriatula (Nyl.) Staiger: Graphina sulctula Mull. Arg., G. sulcatula var. conglomerata Mull. Arg., and G. bakeri Zahlbr.