Journal
LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS
Volume 6, Issue 6, Pages 767-786Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201100026
Keywords
OLEDs; photoluminescence quenching processes; electroluminescence quenching processes; triplet exciton-polaron quenching; singlet exciton-polaron quenching; singlet exciton-triplet exciton quenching; bipolarons; trions
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Funding
- US Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division [W-7405-Eng-82, DE-AC 02-07CH11358]
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It is widely recognized that nonradiative quenching of excitons by other excitons and polarons become the dominant decay mechanism of these excitons at high excitation densities. These quenching processes cause the roll-off in the efficiency of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) and prevent lasing at high injection current densities. This review presents the optically-detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) evidence for these photoluminescence- and electroluminescence-quenching processes. And while it provides such evidence for quenching of singlet excitons by polarons and triplet excitons, it reveals the central role of the strongly spin-dependent annihilation of triplet excitons by polarons, since under normal excitation conditions the steady-state polaron and triplet exciton populations are 100104 times the singlet exciton population. In addition, it also suggests that quenching of singlet excitons by bipolarons, likely stabilized by a counterpolaron or countercharge at specific sites, may also be a significant quenching mechanism that also affects the charge transport properties.
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