Dynamic-mechanical behavior of polyethylenes and ethene-/α-olefin-copolymers: Part III. γ-relaxation

The temperature- and frequency-dependent dynamic-mechanical properties in the temperature regime of the gamma-transition were determined for a number of polyethylenes and ethylene/alpha-olefin-copolymers differing in their crystallinity and crystal morphology. The temperature dependence of the gamma-transition was found to obey the Arrhenius law for thermally activated processes. The gamma-transition temperature determined at a frequency of 1 Hz and the corresponding activation energy were analyzed as a function of the crystallinity. As an overall trend, both quantities are found to decrease with decreasing crystallinity, which is explained by the increase in free volume due to the incorporation of short-chain branches or the thermal pretreatment (e. g., quenching). Taking into account that the crystal morphology of polyethylenes can be classified into four different groups, a more detailed picture appears. Within one type of morphology both quantities, namely the transition temperature and the activation energy, increase with decreasing crystallinity independent of the alpha-olefin used as the comonomer. These findings can be explained by partial orientations of the molecule segments in the interlamellar amorphous space in the case of HDPE or by the increased steric hindrance of the crankshaft motion by the short-chain branches. From the findings of this series of studies, it was concluded that the glass transition in polyethylene and polyethylene/alpha-olefin-copolymers is the beta- and not the gamma-transition.