Review
Microbiology
Dvir Gatt, Isaac Martin, Rawan AlFouzan, Theo J. J. Moraes
Summary: RSV is a common cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease, particularly in young children, but there is currently no approved vaccine for prevention. In the past two decades, significant advancements have been made in understanding RSV's pathogenesis and immunopathology, leading to the development of potential vaccines and successful implementation of passive immunization. This review provides an update on current treatment options for acute RSV disease and different therapeutic approaches for RSV prevention.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Anna A. Shtro, Artem M. Klabukov, Anzhelika V. Garshinina, Anastasia V. Galochkina, Yulia V. Nikolaeva, Tatyana M. Khomenko, Danila E. Bobkov, Aleksey A. Lozhkov, Konstantin V. Sivak, Kirill S. Yakovlev, Andrey B. Komissarov, Sophia S. Borisevich, Konstantin P. Volcho, Nariman F. Salakhutdinov
Summary: This article discusses the mechanism of action of compound K142 against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), showing that its interaction with RSV surface proteins is crucial for its antiviral activity. However, in vivo studies have indicated weak antiviral activity, suggesting the need for further modifications to enhance its efficacy.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Xin Cheng, Gan Zhao, Aihua Dong, Zhonghuai He, Jiarong Wang, Brian Jiang, Bo Wang, Miaomiao Wang, Xuefen Huai, Shijie Zhang, Shuangshuang Feng, Hong Qin, Bin Wang
Summary: This study conducted a first-in-human trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity response of the BARS13 vaccine in healthy adults. The vaccine demonstrated good safety and tolerability, and there were no significant differences in adverse reaction severity or frequency between different dose groups. The immune response in repeat-dose recipients showed potential for further study and guiding the dose selection for future studies.
Article
Immunology
Marsha S. Russell, Sathya N. Thulasi Raman, Caroline Gravel, Wanyue Zhang, Annabelle Pfeifle, Wangxue Chen, Gary Van Domselaar, David Safronetz, Michael Johnston, Simon Sauve, Lisheng Wang, Michael Rosu-Myles, Jingxin Cao, Xuguang Li
Summary: A novel recombinant RSV vaccine candidate based on a deletion mutant vaccinia virus platform showed high safety and efficacy in experiments, suggesting its potential for developing new vaccines.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Michael H. J. Rhodin, Nicole McAllister, Jonathan Castillo, Sarah L. Noton, Rachel Fearns, In Jong Kim, Jianming Yu, Thomas P. Blaisdell, Joseph Panarese, Brian C. Shook, Yat Sun Or, Bryan Goodwin, Kai Lin
Summary: EDP-938 is a novel non-fusion replication inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) with potent in vitro activities and high barrier to resistance. It has been shown to synergistically work with other RSV inhibitors and demonstrate strong in vivo efficacy in a non-human primate model. EDP-938 is currently under evaluation in Phase 2 clinical studies.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Rachele Francese, Claudio Cecone, Matteo Costantino, Gjylije Hoti, Pierangiola Bracco, David Lembo, Francesco Trotta
Summary: Cyclodextrins and their derivatives have shown to enhance the antiviral potency of drugs and possess intrinsic antiviral action. In this study, water-soluble hyper-branched beta cyclodextrin-based anionic polymers were synthesized and screened for their antiviral activity against HSV-2, RSV, HRoV, and FluVA. The polymer with the highest negative charge, pyromellitic dianhydride-linked polymer (P_PMDA), exhibited significant antiviral action against RSV and HSV-2 by inactivating RSV particles and altering HSV-2 binding to cells. The results suggest that the polymer's virucidal activity against RSV could be utilized to develop new antiviral materials to counteract virus dissemination through air or direct contact.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Virology
Jackelyn Murray, Harrison C. Bergeron, Les P. Jones, Zachary Beau Reener, David E. Martin, Fred D. Sancilio, Ralph A. Tripp
Summary: This study investigated the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of probenecid, an FDA-approved drug, in inhibiting RSV replication. The results showed that nanomolar concentrations of probenecid prevented RSV replication in vitro and in vivo, suggesting its potential as a prophylactic and chemotherapeutic agent for RSV.
Review
Infectious Diseases
Gemechu Churiso, Gose Husen, Denebo Bulbula, Lulu Abebe
Summary: Antigen-presenting cells and immune cells play important roles in respiratory syncytial virus infection, producing cytokines and chemokines that affect disease severity and pathogenesis.
INFECTION AND DRUG RESISTANCE
(2022)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Felicia Scaggs Huang, David I. Bernstein, Karen S. Slobod, Allen Portner, Toru Takimoto, Charles J. Russell, Michael Meagher, Bart G. Jones, Robert E. Sealy, Christopher Coleclough, Kristen Branum, Michelle Dickey, Kristen Buschle, Monica McNeal, Mat Makowski, Aya Nakamura, Julia L. Hurwitz
Summary: The study demonstrated that SeVRSV vaccine was well-tolerated in healthy adults with only mild to moderate reactions and no severe adverse events. Transient vaccine genome detection was observed due to preexisting immunity towards hPIV-1 and RSV in adults. Minimal antibody responses to SeV and negligible responses to RSV F were observed.
HUMAN VACCINES & IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Zifang Shang, Shuguang Tan, Dongli Ma
Summary: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant viral pathogen causing respiratory tract infections in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals globally. Over the past decade, there has been substantial progress in understanding the structure, function, and interactions of RSV components, as well as the host immune responses to infection. Researchers and pharmaceutical companies have shown widespread interest in searching for effective interventions for RSV infection, leading to the screening of promising monoclonal antibodies, inhibitors, and vaccine candidates.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Maxim Lebedev, Heather A. McEligot, Victoria N. Mutua, Paul Walsh, Francisco R. Carvallo Chaigneau, Laurel J. Gershwin
Summary: The study investigated the effects of antiviral fusion protein inhibitor (FPI) and ibuprofen on gene expression in calves infected with BRSV. The combined use of FPI and ibuprofen showed the most benefit in altering gene expression patterns related to innate and adaptive immune responses. Ibuprofen alone negatively affected the antiviral response, but in combination with FPI, it enhanced the specific antiviral effect of FPI by reducing the damaging effects of prostanoids and oxidative stress.
Article
Plant Sciences
Wei Chen, Yi-Hsiang Chen, Ya-Chun Liao, Xin-Wen Huang, Ting-Jang Lu, Shin-Ru Shih
Summary: This study found that hot water extracts from spirulina have antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and identified the mechanism of action. The polysaccharide-enriched high-molecular weight fraction (SHD1) showed potent antiviral activity against RSV. SHD1 disrupted RSV internalization and inhibited RSV attachment, preventing the virus from entering the host cell. SHD1 can be considered as a potential candidate for the development of novel drugs against RSV infection.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Ki-Back Chu, Su-Hwa Lee, Min-Ju Kim, Ah-Ra Kim, Eun-Kyung Moon, Fu-Shi Quan
Summary: The study demonstrates that co-expressing PreF and Gt antigens in VLPs can enhance protective efficacy against RSV in mice, leading to reduced virus titers and inflammation. These findings suggest that a combinatorial approach may be beneficial for future RSV vaccine development.
Article
Virology
Jorge C. G. Blanco, Lori M. Cullen, Arash Kamali, Fatouomata Y. D. Sylla, Marina S. Boukhvalova, Trudy G. Morrison
Summary: This study compared immune responses after virus-like particle (VLP) immunization in elderly and young cotton rats previously infected with RSV. The results showed that the VLP vaccine was equally effective in activating protective responses in both elderly and young populations. Therefore, VLPs containing F and G proteins can be an effective vaccine for the elderly.
Article
Immunology
Oludare A. Odumade, Simon D. van Haren, Asimenia Angelidou
Summary: Respiratory viral infections have a significant impact on global disease and mortality. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has brought about drastic changes in the seasonality patterns and mitigation efforts of respiratory syncytial virus, highlighting the urgent need for vaccination as a preventive tool.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Medicinal
Brendan T. Freitas, Daniil A. Ahiadorme, Rahul S. Bagul, Ian A. Durie, Samir Ghosh, Jarvis Hill, Naomi E. Kramer, Jackelyn Murray, Brady M. O'Boyle, Emmanuel Onobun, Michael G. Pirrone, Justin D. Shepard, Suzanne Enos, Yagya P. Subedi, Kapil Upadhyaya, Ralph A. Tripp, Brian S. Cummings, David Crich, Scott D. Pegan
Summary: In the past 20 years, both severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-1 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 have caused zoonotic outbreaks in humans. The PLpro enzyme from a subgroup 2b bat coronavirus has been studied to identify structural features and substrate specificity. Based on this, 30 novel noncovalent inhibitors for subgroup 2b PLpro enzymes were designed, providing new directions for antiviral development against this group of coronaviruses.
ACS INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Nuha Milad Ashtiwi, Demba Sarr, Tamas Nagy, Z. Beau Reneer, Ralph A. Tripp, Balazs Rada
Summary: The combination treatment of OSCN- and AMT shows potential in curing lethal influenza virus infection. Monotherapy with OSCN- or AMT alone does not substantially improve survival outcomes, but the combination treatment significantly inhibits viral replication.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Avik Banerjee, Jiachen Huang, Scott A. Rush, Jackelyn Murray, Aaron D. Gingerich, Fredejah Royer, Ching-Lin Hsieh, Ralph A. Tripp, Jason S. McLellan, Jarrod J. Mousa
Summary: This study identified immunodominant antigenic epitopes on the hMPV F protein and identified a monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy for hMPV F disease prevention and treatment. Additionally, a prefusion-specific epitope on the hMPV F protein was discovered.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Elina Panahi, Danielle I. Stanisic, Eloise B. Skinner, Helen M. Faddy, Megan K. Young, Lara J. Herrero
Summary: This study examined whether humans have an immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to the Leishmania (Mundinia) macropodum parasite, which causes cutaneous leishmaniasis among marsupial species in Australia. The results showed that 20.57% of individuals demonstrated a positive IgG response to L. macropodum. However, it is unclear whether this IgG antibody detection reflects exposure to Leishmania parasites or a cross-reactive immune response to an unrelated immunogen.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Virology
Elisa X. Y. Lim, Julie A. A. Webster, Penny A. A. Rudd, Lara J. J. Herrero
Summary: This study used RNA sequencing to analyze the gene expression profiles of Ross River virus (RRV)-infected chondrocytes and bystander chondrocytes. The results showed similarities and differences in gene expression between infected and uninfected cells, indicating the importance of selecting therapeutic targets that minimize adverse effects on neighboring uninfected cells.
Letter
Virology
Peter Speck, Jason Mackenzie, Rowena A. Bull, Barry Slobedman, Heidi Drummer, Johanna Fraser, Lara Herrero, Karla Helbig, Sarah Londrigan, Gregory Moseley, Natalie Prow, Grant Hansman, Robert Edwards, Chantelle Ahlenstiel, Allison Abendroth, David Tscharke, Jody Hobson-Peters, Robson Kriiger-Loterio, Rhys Parry, Glenn Marsh, Emma Harding, David A. Jacques, Matthew J. Gartner, Wen Shi Lee, Julie McAuley, Paola Vaz, Frank Sainsbury, Michelle D. Tate, Jane Sinclair, Allison Imrie, Stephen Rawlinson, Andrew Harman, Jillian M. Carr, Ebony A. Monson, Merilyn Hibma, Timothy J. Mahony, Thomas Tu, Robert J. Center, Lok Bahadur Shrestha, Robyn Hall, Morgyn Warner, Vernon Ward, Danielle E. Anderson, Nicholas S. Eyre, Natalie E. Netzler, Alison J. Peel, Peter Revill, Michael Beard, Alistair R. Legione, Alexandra J. Spencer, Adi Idris, Jade Forwood, Subir Sarker, Damian F. J. Purcell, Nathan Bartlett, Joshua M. Deerain, Bruce J. Brew, Sassan Asgari, Helen Farrell, Alexander Khromykh, Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu, David Anderson, Sevim Mese, Yaman Tayyar, Kathryn Edenborough, Jasim Muhammad Uddin, Abrar Hussain, Connor J. I. Daymond, Jacinta Agius, Karyn N. Johnson, Paniz Shirmast, Mahdi Abedinzadeshahri, Robin MacDiarmid, Caroline L. Ashley, Jay Laws, Lucy L. Furfaro, Thomas D. Burton, Stephen M. R. Johnson, Zahra Telikani, Mary Petrone, Justin A. Roby, Carolyn Samer, Andreas Suhrbier, April van der Kamp, Anthony Cunningham, Celeste Donato, Jackie Mahar, Wesley D. Black, Subhash Vasudevan, Roman Lenchine, Kirsten Spann, Daniel J. Rawle, Penny Rudd, Jessica Neil, Richard Kingston, Timothy P. Newsome, Ki Wook Kim, Johnson Mak, Kym Lowry, Nathan Bryant, Joanne Meers, Jason A. Roberts, Nigel McMillan, Larisa I. Labzin, Andrii Slonchak, Leon E. Hugo, Bennett Henzeler, Natalee D. Newton, Cassandra T. David, Patrick C. Reading, Camille Esneau, Tatiana Briody, Najla Nasr, Donna McNeale, Brian McSharry, Omid Fakhri, Bethany A. Horsburgh, Grant Logan, Paul Howley, Paul Young
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Virology
Harrison C. Bergeron, Jackelyn Murray, Aakash Arora, Ana M. Nunez M. Castrejon, Rebecca M. DuBois, Larry J. Anderson, Lawrence M. Kauvar, Ralph A. Tripp
Summary: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes respiratory disease in infants and elderly. Current immune prophylaxis is limited to anti-RSV fusion (F) protein monoclonal antibody (mAb). However, mAbs targeting the attachment (G) protein are necessary to prevent aberrant pathogenic responses. Two high-affinity anti-G protein mAbs, 3D3 and 2D10, have been identified as effective in neutralizing RSV and reducing disease. This study compares the neutralization and immune responses of 3D3, 2D10, and palivizumab in a mouse model of RSV infection.
Letter
Microbiology
Peter Speck, Jason Mackenzie, Rowena A. Bull, Barry Slobedman, Heidi Drummer, Johanna Fraser, Lara Herrero, Karla Helbig, Sarah Londrigan, Gregory Moseley, Natalie Prow, Grant Hansman, Robert Edwards, Chantelle Ahlenstiel, Allison Abendroth, David Tscharke, Jody Hobson-Peters, Robson Kriiger-Loterio, Rhys Parry, Glenn Marsh, Emma Harding, David A. Jacques, Matthew J. Gartner, Wen Shi Lee, Julie McAuley, Paola Vaz, Frank Sainsbury, Michelle D. Tate, Jane Sinclair, Allison Imrie, Stephen Rawlinson, Andrew Harman, Jillian M. Carr, Ebony A. Monson, Merilyn Hibma, Timothy J. Mahony, Thomas Tu, Robert J. Center, Lok Bahadur Shrestha, Robyn Hall, Morgyn Warner, Vernon Ward, Danielle E. Anderson, Nicholas S. Eyre, Natalie E. Netzler, Alison J. Peel, Peter Revill, Michael Beard, Alistair R. Legione, Alexandra J. Spencer, Adi Idris, Jade Forwood, Subir Sarker, Damian F. J. Purcell, Nathan Bartlett, Joshua M. Deerain, Bruce J. Brew, Sassan Asgari, Helen Farrell, Alexander Khromykh, Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu, David Anderson, Sevim Mese, Yaman Tayyar, Kathryn Edenborough, Jasim Muhammad Uddin, Abrar Hussain, Connor J. Daymond, Jacinta Agius, Karyn N. Johnson, Paniz Shirmast, Mahdi Abedinzadeshahri, Robin MacDiarmid, Caroline L. Ashley, Jay Laws, Lucy L. Furfaro, Thomas D. Burton, Stephen M. R. Johnson, Zahra Telikani, Mary Petrone, Justin A. Roby, Carolyn Samer, Andreas Suhrbier, April van der Kamp, Anthony Cunningham, Celeste Donato, Jackie Mahar, Wesley D. Black, Subhash Vasudevan, Roman Lenchine, Kirsten Spann, Daniel J. Rawle, Penny Rudd, Jessica Neil, Richard Kingston, Timothy P. Newsome, Ki Wook Kim, Johnson Mak, Kym Lowry, Nathan Bryant, Joanne Meers, Jason A. Roberts, Nigel McMillan, Larisa I. Labzin, Andrii Slonchak, Leon E. Hugo, Bennett Henzeler, Natalee D. Newton, Cassandra T. David, Patrick C. Reading, Camille Esneau, Tatiana Briody, Najla Nasr, Donna McNeale, Brian McSharry, Omid Fakhri, Bethany A. Horsburgh, Grant Logan, Paul Howley, Paul Young
Article
Immunology
Ravi Krishnan, Catherine J. M. Stapledon, Helen Mostafavi, Joseph R. Freitas, Xiang Liu, Suresh Mahalingam, Ali Zaid
Summary: The semi-synthetic polysaccharide, Pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS), has been found to have significant anti-inflammatory effects on acute and post-acute lung inflammation caused by respiratory viruses. In a mouse model of PR8 infection, PPS treatment resulted in weight loss reduction and improved oxygen saturation during the acute phase of infection. In the post-acute phase, PPS demonstrated a reduction in pulmonary fibrotic biomarkers. These findings suggest that PPS may regulate lung inflammation and tissue remodeling caused by PR8 infection.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Letter
Microbiology
Peter Speck, Jason Mackenzie, Rowena A. Bull, Barry Slobedman, Heidi Drummer, Johanna Fraser, Lara Herrero, Karla Helbig, Sarah Londrigan, Gregory Moseley, Natalie Prow, Grant Hansman, Robert Edwards, Chantelle Ahlenstiel, Allison Abendroth, David Tscharke, Jody Hobson-Peters, Robson Kriiger-Loterio, Rhys Parry, Glenn Marsh, Emma Harding, David A. Jacques, Matthew J. Gartner, Wen Shi Lee, Julie McAuley, Paola Vaz, Frank Sainsbury, Michelle D. Tate, Jane Sinclair, Allison Imrie, Stephen Rawlinson, Andrew Harman, Jillian M. Carr, Ebony A. Monson, Merilyn Hibma, Timothy J. Mahony, Thomas Tu, Robert J. Center, Lok Bahadur Shrestha, Robyn Hall, Morgy Warner, Vernon Ward, Danielle E. Anderson, Nicholas S. Eyre, Natalie E. Netzler, Alison J. Peel, Peter Revill, Michael Beard, Alistair R. Legione, Alexandra J. Spencer, Adi Idris, Jade Forwood, Subir Sarker, Damian F. J. Purcell, Nathan Bartlett, Joshua M. Deerain, Bruce J. Brew, Sassan Asgari, Helen Farrell, Alexander Khromykh, Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu, David Anderson, Sevim Mese, Yaman Tayyar, Kathryn Edenborough, Jasim Muhammad Uddin, Abrar Hussain, Connor J. I. Daymond, Jacinta Agius, Karyn N. Johnson, Paniz Shirmast, Mahdi Abedinzadeshahri, Robin MacDiarmid, Caroline L. Ashley, Jay Laws, Lucy L. Furfaro, Thomas D. Burton, Stephen M. R. Johnson, Zahra Telikani, Mary Petrone, Justin A. Roby, Carolyn Samer, Andreas Suhrbier, April van der Kamp, Anthony Cunningham, Celeste Donato, Jackie Mahar, Wesley D. Black, Subhash Vasudevan, Roman Lenchine, Kirsten Spann, Daniel J. Rawle, Penny Rudd, Jessica Neil, Richard Kingston, Timothy P. Newsome, Ki Wook Kim, Johnson Mak, Kym Lowry, Nathan Bryant, Joanne Meers, Jason A. Roberts, Nigel McMillan, Larisa I. Labzin, Andrii Slonchak, Leon E. Hugo, Bennett Henzeler, Natalee D. Newton, Cassandra T. David, Patrick C. Reading, Camille Esneau, Tatiana Briody, Najla Nasr, Donna McNeale, Brian McSharry, Omid Fakhri, Bethany A. Horsburgh, Grant Logan, Paul Howley, Paul Young
Review
Immunology
Ralph A. Tripp
Summary: Influenza virus constantly changes, making it difficult to develop immunity through vaccination. Efforts are being made to develop universal vaccines that can protect against various strains of influenza viruses. Understanding the host immune response is crucial for vaccine development.
EXPERT REVIEW OF VACCINES
(2023)
Article
Virology
David E. Martin, Neelam Pandey, Purvi Chavda, Gurpreet Singh, Rakesh Sutariya, Frederic Sancilio, Ralph A. Tripp
Summary: This study suggests that treating symptomatic mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients with probenecid can significantly decrease the time to viral clearance and result in a higher proportion of complete symptom resolution by day 10.
Review
Microbiology
Harrison C. Bergeron, Matthew R. Hansen, Ralph A. Tripp
Summary: This review examines the roles and functions of type I, II, and III IFN responses to respiratory virus infections, as well as the specific IFN responses underlying immunity and protection from disease.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Harrison C. Bergeron, Lawrence M. Kauvar, Ralph A. Tripp
Summary: This study investigates how monoclonal antibodies against the RSV F and G proteins modify the type I and III IFN responses to RSV infection. The findings reveal that an anti-G protein monoclonal antibody improves the protective early antiviral response, which has important implications for vaccine and therapeutic design. This research provides insights into the role of G protein antibodies in improving IFN responses against RSV disease.
THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASE
(2023)
Article
Virology
Ralph A. Tripp, David E. Martin
Summary: In the early stages of drug discovery, assays are developed to evaluate the effectiveness of new and known molecular entities, primarily targeting specific features within the virus. However, screening efforts often prioritize finding active antiviral drugs against known viral targets, overlooking drugs that inhibit virus replication by targeting host genes or pathways.