Vaccinia Virus A25 and A26 Proteins Are Fusion Suppressors for Mature Virions and Determine Strain-Specific Virus Entry Pathways into HeLa, CHO-K1, and L Cells

Mature vaccinia virus enters cells through either fluid-phase endocytosis/macropinocytosis or plasma membrane fusion. This may explain the wide range of host cell susceptibilities to vaccinia virus entry; however, it is not known how vaccinia virus chooses between these two pathways and which viral envelope proteins determine such processes. By screening several recombinant viruses and different strains, we found that mature virions containing the vaccinia virus A25 and A26 proteins entered HeLa cells preferentially through a bafilomycin-sensitive entry pathway, whereas virions lacking these two proteins entered through a bafilomycin-resistant pathway. To investigate whether the A25 and A26 proteins contribute to entry pathway specificity, two mutant vaccinia viruses, WR Delta A25L and WR Delta A26L, were subsequently generated from the wild-type WR strain. In contrast to the WR strain, both the WR Delta A25L and WR Delta A26L viruses became resistant to bafilomycin, suggesting that the removal of the A25 and A26 proteins bypassed the low-pH endosomal requirement for mature virion entry. Indeed, WR Delta A25L and WR Delta A26L virus infections of HeLa, CHO-K1, and L cells immediately triggered cell-to-cell fusion at a neutral pH at 1 to 2 h postinfection (p.i.), providing direct evidence that viral fusion machinery is readily activated after the removal of the A25 and A26 proteins to allow virus entry through the plasma membrane. In summary, our data support a model that on vaccinia mature virions, the viral A25 and A26 proteins are low-pH-sensitive fusion suppressors whose inactivation during the endocytic route results in viral and cell membrane fusion. Our results also suggest that during virion morphogenesis, the incorporation of the A25 and A26 proteins into mature virions may help restrain viral fusion activity until the time of infections.