Journal
JOURNAL OF TISSUE ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE
Volume 9, Issue 4, Pages 332-342Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/term.1744
Keywords
chondrogenesis; mesenchymal stem cell; cell differentiation; cell signalling; fibroblast growth factor; transforming growth factor-beta; wingless-type protein
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Funding
- Science Foundation Ireland [11/RFP/BMT/3150]
- Dutch government [FES0908]
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Articular cartilage is easily damaged, yet difficult to repair. Cartilage tissue engineering seems a promising therapeutic solution to restore articular cartilage structure and function, with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) receiving increasing attention for their promise to promote cartilage repair. It is known from embryology that members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF), transforming growth factor- (TGF) and wingless-type (Wnt) protein families are involved in controlling different differentiation stages during chondrogenesis. Individually, these pathways have been extensively studied but so far attempts to recapitulate embryonic development in in vitro MSC chondrogenesis have failed to produce stable and functioning articular cartilage; instead, transient hypertrophic cartilage is obtained. We believe a better understanding of the simultaneous integration of these factors will improve how we relate embryonic chondrogenesis to in vitro MSC chondrogenesis. This narrative review attempts to define current knowledge on the crosstalk between the FGF, TGF and Wnt signalling pathways during different stages of mesenchymal chondrogenesis. Connecting embryogenesis and in vitro differentiation of human MSCs might provide insights into how to improve and progress cartilage tissue engineering for the future. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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