Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xiaoteng Fu, Fan Zhang, Wang Zhu, Zhipeng Pi
Summary: In this study, ZYTO composite ceramics were prepared and their microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The results showed that the addition of M-YTaO4 refined the grain boundary and strengthened the composite's strength, while also inducing residual stress and ferroelastic domains, resulting in enhanced fracture toughness.
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Binghui Deng, Jason T. Harris, Charlene M. Smith, Jian Luo
Summary: Through molecular dynamics simulations, it was found that the differences in deformation behavior between lithium disilicate and beta-quartz nanocrystals in glass-ceramics lead to crack formation and shear flow occurring in different regions.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
H. M. A. Kolken, A. Fontecha Garcia, A. Du Plessis, A. Meynen, C. Rans, L. Scheys, M. J. Mirzaali, A. A. Zadpoor
Summary: This study investigates the fatigue performance and crack formation mechanism of additively manufactured auxetic meta-biomaterials. Through full-field strain measurement and 3D imaging, the damage evolution during cyclic loading is revealed. Targeting the structural weak spots during the design and printing process is crucial for enhancing the performance of auxetic meta-biomaterials.
ACTA BIOMATERIALIA
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Arnon Kraipok, Teerapong Mamanee, Jetsada Ruangsuriya, Poomirat Nawarat, Wilaiwan Leenakul
Summary: Due to its excellent mechanical properties and aesthetic tooth-like appearance, lithium disilicate glass-ceramic is a desirable material for dental restorations. This study investigated the phase formation, microstructure, mechanical properties, and bioactivity of lithium disilicate glass-ceramics prepared with various Al2O3 contents. The results showed that the addition of 1 wt% Al2O3 resulted in the highest mechanical properties and bioactivity.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jian Luo, Binghui Deng, K. Deenamma Vargheese, Adama Tandia, Steven E. DeMartino, John C. Mauro
Summary: In this study, atomic-scale simulations were used to directly observe crack branching in brittle silica glass, revealing that the critical speed at which the crack branches increases with the critical far field loading. The mechanism of crack branching in this type of glass was found to be triggered by the nucleation of two or three cavities at different directions ahead of the running crack tip.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Binghui Deng, Jason T. Harris
Summary: This study introduces a novel approach named 'cut-combine' to address the challenges of generating realistic microstructures in molecular dynamics simulations of glass-ceramics. The method successfully produces model samples with microstructures close to actual observations, providing interesting insights into crack propagation simulations. Exciting potential results are expected from future simulation studies on glass-ceramics using this approach.
COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Yao Lu, Zongyang He, Jianan Xu, Yang Wang, Lijun Yang
Summary: A tailored microwave thermal crack heating model is proposed to explain the curve trajectory cutting process and the interaction mechanism between microwave and materials. The model of microwave thermal crack cutting Al2O3 ceramics is established and the cutting process is simulated. The distribution of the temperature field and stress field are obtained by simulation calculation. The quality, trajectory offset, and consistency of the machining results are characterized. The crack propagation law of surface prefabricated trajectory and the effect of crack propagation control are revealed by simulation analysis and experimental study.
JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Yuqiao Li, Qingxian Li, Chuandong Zuo, Fei Qi, Long Li, Jiachen Wei, Yingfeng Shao, Fan Song
Summary: Measuring the thermal shock crack growth process is crucial for understanding the failure mechanisms and reliability of ceramic materials and structures. In this study, a self-made water quenching system was used to conduct thermal shock tests on alumina and zirconia ceramics. The thermal shock process was recorded using high-speed digital image correlation (DIC). By analyzing the speckle image change on the sample's surface, the process of thermal shock crack initiation and propagation in the two ceramics was determined. It was found that alumina exhibited a faster crack growth rate compared to zirconia, which was attributed to different material parameters. This paper presents an in-situ measurement method that can help identify and predict thermal shock damage in ceramic components.
JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Jesbeer Kallungal, Laurent Chazeau, Jean-Marc Chenal, Jerome Adrien, Eric Maire, Claire Barres, Bernard Cantaloube, Patrick Heuillet, Fabian Wilde, Julian Moosmann, Timm Weitkamp
Summary: This study investigates the impact of Carbon Black agglomerates on crack propagation mechanisms in a Carbon black filled EPDM elastomer at different concentrations. The presence of these agglomerates can either cause fracture or arrest/deviation of crack, leading to higher energy dissipation and slower crack propagation speed.
ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS
(2022)
Article
Optics
Yanming Zhang, Yusuke Ito, Huijie Sun, Naohiko Sugita
Summary: A pump-probe imaging method was developed to directly observe and evaluate the processing phenomena during femtosecond laser machining of zirconia ceramics. The method allowed for clear imaging and investigation of electron excitation, shockwave propagation, plasma evolution, and hole formation occurring on various timescales.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
D. A. Abdoh, B. B. Yin, K. M. Liew
Summary: The novel phase-field thermomechanical modeling framework proposed in this paper provides a more effective way to predict thermal cracking in glass panes under fire, improving upon traditional methods. The model can more realistically predict the generation and distribution of multiple cracks, while reducing computational effort.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Katy S. Gerace, John C. Mauro, Clive A. Randall
Summary: Piezoelectric materials require non-centrosymmetric crystal structure, confining to materials with periodic crystalline structure; exploiting piezoelectric properties in glassy matrix can be achieved through controlled growth of crystalline phase in glass-ceramics; there is potential for various applications of piezoelectric glass-ceramics, with need for future modeling work for oriented crystal growth.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Mechanics
Jonas Rudshaug, Odd Sture Hopperstad, Tore Borvik
Summary: To develop accurate material models for glass, reliable experimental procedures are needed to capture the stochastic nature of the material. In this study, we conducted experiments on different windshields under quasi-static loading to reveal their stochastic behavior. We used 3D-Digital Image Correlation (3D-DIC) and high-speed cameras combined with pose estimation-based post-processing to monitor displacement field and capture fracture initiation and crack propagation data. Finite element simulations were also performed to estimate major principal stress values. The results from this study provided valuable data for the development of numerical models.
ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS
(2023)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Pritha Patra, Kalyandurg Annapurna
Summary: Transparent tellurite glass-ceramics have significant potential in the field of photonics due to their unique nanostructured crystalline phases. By doping with rare earths and controlling the heat treatment process, optical transparency can be achieved in glass-ceramics, allowing for in-depth analysis of crystalline phases, micro/nanostructure, and unique properties. However, there are still limitations in current research that need to be addressed for further improvement.
PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Zhihua Chen, Yue Zhang, Chengyong Wang, Bin Chen
Summary: Understanding the cutting mechanism is crucial for optimizing surgical processing for meniscus injuries. By studying the effects of shaver design and cutting parameters on cutting force and surface quality, high surface quality can be achieved. The fibril structure of the meniscus plays a significant role in its failure, and the geometry of cutting teeth is a primary factor affecting cutting force.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MACHINE TOOLS & MANUFACTURE
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
N. Romero Sarcos, D. Hart, H. Bornhoeft, A. Ehrenberg, J. Deubener
Summary: The study found that high-energy mechanical milling has a significant impact on the rejuvenation of granulated blast furnace slag, resulting in a higher release of heat during heating. Compared to thermally excited glasses, mechanically activated glasses through milling exhibit a different characteristic release temperature of energy.
JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Raschid Al-Mukadam, Alessio Zandona, Joachim Deubener
Summary: Pure TeO2 glass was prepared using fast quenching rates in a flash differential scanning calorimeter, achieving low viscosity values by matching cooling and heating rates. The interdependence between calorimetric data and viscosity was confirmed, with the fragility index of pure TeO2 being the highest reported for a single-component oxide melt.
JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Alessio Zandona, Gundula Helsch, Aurina Martinez Arias, Alfred P. Weber, Joachim Deubener
Summary: Lithium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic powders were successfully synthesized by heat treating spray-dried sol-gel glassy nanobeads, resulting in the formation of quartz solid solution and keatite solid solution crystals with tunable coefficients of thermal expansion. The aerosol synthesis method was proven to be very versatile for producing glass-ceramic powders in the LAS system.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jessica Loeschmann, Peter Fielitz, Gundula Helsch, Hansjoerg Bornhoeft, Daniel R. Cassar, Guenter Borchardt, Joachim Deubener
Summary: No viscosity change is expected near the crystal/melt interface during crystal growth in silicate systems at constant temperature. However, experimental studies have shown the formation of an interfacial zone with altered viscosity. In this investigation, single crystals of Li2O.Al2O3 center dot 4SiO(2) (LAS4) grew in a slightly alumina deficient base glass, and the viscosity of the interfacial zone was found to be significantly lower than that of the base glass.
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Alex Scarani, Alessandro Vona, Danilo Di Genova, Raschid Al-Mukadam, Claudia Romano, Joachim Deubener
Summary: This study tests the reliability of extrapolating the cooling rate of glasses using a combination of conventional and flash differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that a non-Arrhenius model better captures the cooling rate values, especially when significant extrapolation is required. A practical guide for estimating the cooling rate using DSC is presented.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Peter Fielitz, Daniel R. Cassar, Nikolay S. Yuritsyn, Alexander S. Abyzov, Vladimir M. Fokin, Guenter Borchardt, Joachim Deubener
Summary: Isolated Na2O dot 2CaO dot 3SiO(2) (NC2S3) single crystals were grown at temperatures above the glass transition. The enrichment of Na in the continuous solid solution upon crystallisation causes a depletion of soda in the growing interfacial diffusion zone, resulting in a change in viscosity.
JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Lina Heuser, Marianne Nofz, Ralf Mueller, Joachim Deubener
Summary: This study investigated the thermally stimulated interactions between silver and glass, revealing that silver dissolves in glass only in traces and precipitates as metallic silver. The experimental observations provide insights into the dissolution and precipitation processes of silver in glass.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED GLASS SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Alessio Zandona, Erwan Chesneau, Gundula Helsch, Aurelien Canizares, Joachim Deubener, Valerie Montouillout, Franck Fayon, Mathieu Allix
Summary: SiO2-TiO2 glasses produced by aerodynamic levitation coupled to laser heating or by sol-gel spray-drying were compared to highlight their structural differences. The presence of water in gel-derived glasses led to partial network depolymerization, increasing the solubility of TiO2. However, complete dehydration proved challenging due to a tendency towards devitrification during heating.
JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
(2022)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Danilo Di Genova, Dmitry Bondar, Alessio Zandona, Pedro Valdivia, Raschid Al-Mukadam, Hongzhan Fei, Anthony C. Withers, Tiziana Boffa Ballaran, Alexander Kurnosov, Catherine McCammon, Joachim Deubener, Tomoo Katsura
Summary: The melt viscosity of anhydrous and hydrous peridotite was studied using various techniques, including micropenetration viscometry, conventional DSC, flash DSC, and Brillouin spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy measurements confirmed the absence of crystallization and degassing during high-temperature measurements, ensuring accurate data for crystal-free melt viscosity. An accurate description of peridotite melt viscosity was provided over a wide range of compositions and oxidation states. Due to variations in empirical models, a new model for temperature- and H2O-dependent viscosity was developed for peridotite melts (up to 12 mol% H2O content).
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Alessio Zandona, Emmanuel Veron, Gundula Helsch, Aurelien Canizares, Joachim Deubener, Mathieu Allix, Cecile Genevois
Summary: This study provides new insights into the crystallization mechanism of gel-derived SiO2-TiO2 glasses, with the first direct observation of subcritical nuclei by in situ high-temperature TEM. It confirms the crucial role of medium-range compositional fluctuations and Ostwald's rule of stages in crystal nucleation in undercooled melts and glasses.
CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
J. O. Fritzsche, B. Ruedinger, J. Deubener
Summary: A Zr4+-containing sodium borosilicate glass (ZNBS) and a zirconium-free reference glass (NBS) were prepared by melt quenching. Thermal analysis revealed phase separation into boron- and silica-rich domains in both glasses. Annealing initiated the coarsening of these domains and the precipitation of t-ZrO2 in ZNBS glass. The coarsening kinetics of the silica-rich domains followed theoretical predictions, while the coarsening of t-ZrO2 crystallites was slower and confined by the domain structure.
JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
T. Murata, S. Nakane, H. Yamazaki, R. Al-Mukadam, J. Deubener
Summary: The heterogeneous crystal nucleation of five glasses between lithium disilicate and lithium metasilicate was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and high-temperature optical microscopy (HTOM). The crystal nucleation rate was highest for a glass with about 63 mol% silica, and the first crystallite consisted of intergrown lithium metasilicate and quartz. Primary crystallization of lithium disilicate was observed, treated as an oxygen-related artifact. The viscosity at the maximum nucleation rate was almost constant for each glass, while the liquidus temperature calculated from thermodynamic properties was lower than that extrapolated from DSC measurements.
JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Alessio Zandona, Victor Castaing, Alexander Shames, Gundula Helsch, Joachim Deubener, Ana Isabel Becerro, Mathieu Allix, Adrian Goldstein
Summary: An ultrabasic invert silicate glass was synthesized and used as host for transition metal dopants. Characterization techniques were employed to investigate the oxidation and coordination states of the dopants. Different dopants exhibited different oxidation states, with some displaying only their maximum oxidation state and others showing mixed valences. Reduction of oxygen content in the melting atmosphere led to the conversion of Cr6+ to Cr3+.
JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Peter Fielitz, Gundula Helsch, Guenter Borchardt, Joachim Deubener
Summary: Although TiO2 is commonly used as a nucleating agent in the production of aluminosilicate glass-ceramics, its role as a catalyst for the nucleation of the functional crystal is still unclear. This study investigates the mobility of Ti, Al, and O in an albite melt, which serves as a surrogate for lithium and magnesium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic compositions. The results suggest a preferential structural linkage between Al and Ti species in the network structure of aluminosilicate melts.
JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Alex Scarani, Alessio Zandona, Fabrizio Di Fiore, Pedro Valdivia, Rizaldi Putra, Nobuyoshi Miyajima, Hansjorg Bornhoft, Alessandro Vona, Joachim Deubener, Claudia Romano, Danilo Di Genova
Summary: Nanocrystallization in basalt melts and glasses can be triggered by undercooling-driven oversaturation in TiO2 and FeO, which can affect viscosity measurements and magma dynamics during decompression. Recent studies have shown that volcanic glasses can have nanoscale heterogeneities, which can develop both in the laboratory and during magma eruptions. This study identifies the total transition metal oxide content as a crucial factor governing the nanolitization tendency of basalt melts and glasses and discusses the different eruptive styles of Mt. Etna and Stromboli.
COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Xinyao Zhu, Yifan Liu, Jing Ye, Wei Xu, Xuexia Zhao, Tianyan Liu
Summary: This study reveals the adverse effect of acid on dentin in terms of degradation of its fracture toughness. The peritubular dentin plays a significant role in enhancing the dentin's fracture resistance capability. The findings highlight the importance of structural integrity for dentin.
JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Priya Ranganathan, Vijayakumari Sugumaran, Bargavi Purushothaman, Ajay Rakkesh Rajendran, Balakumar Subramanian
Summary: The study aims to design and fabricate an ultra-easier multi-functional biomedical polymeric scaffold loaded with unique equimolar Ca:P phasic bioactive glass material. The results showed that the G:BG (1:2) ratio is the more appropriate composition for enhanced bio-mineralization and higher surface area. The scaffold can induce mitogenesis in osteoblast cells for hard tissue regeneration and rapid collagen secretion in fibroblast cells for soft tissue regeneration.
JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Ziad Guerfi, Oum keltoum Kribaa, Hanane Djouama
Summary: Hydroxyapatite, a biocompatible and bioactive ceramic material, has been widely studied in fields such as orthopedics and plastic surgery. The use of computational tools, especially density functional theory, has become increasingly important in research. In this study, Hydroxyapatite was synthesized using the double decomposition method and quantum mechanical computations were performed using density functional theory. The experimental and computational results confirmed the successful synthesis of Hydroxyapatite and showed good agreement in spectroscopic characterizations.
JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Sally AbdulHussain Kadhum, Nassier A. Nassir
Summary: In this research, porous composites were successfully prepared and reinforced for bone scaffold applications. The functional groups, pore structure, and composition distribution of the materials were characterized using techniques such as FTIR, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Veronika Geiger, Felicitas Mayinger, Moritz Hoffmann, Marcel Reymus, Bogna Stawarczyk
Summary: The study investigated the mechanical properties of four additively manufactured denture base resins in different measurement environments, and found that the measurement environment impacts the strength and fracture toughness of the materials.
JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Junxiao Wang, Amatjan Sawut, Rena Simayi, Huijun Song, Xueying Jiao
Summary: The development of cost-effective and eco-friendly conductive hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties, self-healing capabilities, and non-toxicity is of great significance in the field of biosensors.
JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Yijun Zhou, Lisa Ho, Ayan Samanta, Philip Procter, Cecilia Persson
Summary: In this study, soft, non-setting biomaterials based on Hyalectin gels and different morphological parameters of hydroxyapatite (HA) particles were evaluated as potential augmentation materials for orthopaedic implant fixation. The results showed that constructs reinforced with irregularly shaped nano-HA particles and spherically shaped micro-HA particles had significantly higher pull-out force compared to the control group.
JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Mehdi Jahandardoost, Donald Ricci, Abbas S. Milani, Mohsen Jahandardoost, Dana Grecov
Summary: Tubular flow diverters are important for treating cerebral aneurysms. A new design called VR-eCLIPs has been developed to cover the neck of challenging bifurcation aneurysms. A finite element model has been used to simulate the implantation processes of VR-eCLIPs and assess potential plastic deformation.
JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Marek Traczynski, Adam Patalas, Katarzyna Roslan, Marcin Suszynski, Rafa l Talar
Summary: This article evaluates the forces acting on intravenous needles during insertion into the skin and selects the most suitable model for future research. The experimental results show that needle size, insertion angle, and insertion speed have an influence on the measured force values.
JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Chester Jar, Andrew Archibald, Monica Gibson, Lindsey Westover
Summary: This study evaluates the ASIST technique for assessing the stability of dental implants. The results show that the ASIST technique can reliably measure the interfacial stiffness of dental implants, which is not significantly influenced by different abutment types. This method may provide an improved non-invasive way to measure the stability of dental implants.
JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Ali Kamali, Kaveh Laksari
Summary: In this paper, a UNet-based neural network model (El-UNet) is developed to infer the spatial distributions of mechanical parameters. The El-UNet shows superior performance in terms of accuracy and computational cost compared to other neural network models. A self-adaptive spatial loss weighting approach is proposed, which achieves the most accurate reconstructions in equal computation times.
JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Chunyan Yu, Yanju Lu, Jinhui Pang, Lu Li
Summary: In this study, a safe and effective hemostatic composite sponge was developed by combining chitosan and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). The sponge exhibited excellent flexibility and rapid hemostatic ability in vitro. In vivo assessments showed that the sponge had the shortest clotting time and minimal blood loss.
JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Zhongliang Yu, Lin Yu, Junjie Liu
Summary: The study proposes incorporating functionally graded tablets into nacreous composites to enhance both stiffness and damping properties. Analytical formulae and numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of this design, surpassing existing homogeneous composites in performance.
JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Marc Graham, Sandra Klinge
Summary: This study investigates the macroscopic diffusion behavior of heterogeneous gels using a homogenization method in a finite element framework. Two materials, calcifying PDMA and PAAm, were studied, and the results show that the diffusivity of PDMA has a strong nonlinear dependence on the solute molecule radius.
JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Abdur-Rasheed Alao
Summary: This study aimed to find the optimal sandblasting parameters for roughening YTZP surfaces. Through experimental and statistical analysis, the best setting was found to be IA = 45 degrees, AP = 110 μm, ST = 20 s, and P = 400 kPa, which resulted in the maximum surface roughness, phase transformation, and shear bond strength.
JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS
(2024)