Journal
JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Volume 15, Issue 6, Pages 963-972Publisher
CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1017/S1355617709990580
Keywords
Intraindividual variability; Aging; Demographic; Immediate recall; Delayed recall; Working memory
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Funding
- University of Athens
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The aim of this study wits to examine discrepancies between immediate/delayed recall and recall/working memory in middle-aged and older persons by age and education. Participants were 322 healthy individuals from the community who were stratified into three age and three education groups. Immediate and delayed recall distributions of WMS-III Logical Memory (LM) scores approximated normal curves. and LM savings scores showed a significant, but small, effect of age. LM (immediate, delayed) and Letter-Number Sequencing (LNS) discrepancies varied as a function of age and education. The difference between LM and LNS was not significant in the younger and less educated participants, but increased with a-e in the most educated group, and in the oldest group LNS exceeded LM (immediate and delayed). The results indicate deterioration in encoding and retrieval, rather than storage, with age, and show a differential, but small, effect of age and education on the memory measures. Working memory was resistant to age-related decline relative to immediate and delayed recall in the oldest, most educated group. Delayed recall-working memory discrepancy is relatively stable with age and education and may be a useful index of the onset of memory pathology across different ages and levels of education. (JINS, 2009, 15, 963-972.)
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