Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Alessandro Di Cerbo, Sara Giusti, Francesca Mariotti, Andrea Spaterna, Giacomo Rossi, Gian Enrico Magi
Summary: The study found that the expression level of TLR4 in the skin of dogs with discoid lupus erythematous (DLE) was significantly higher than that in normal skin, indicating a potential important role of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Review
Immunology
Risa Tamagawa-Mineoka
Summary: The skin acts as a physical barrier and toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a role in both infectious and non-infectious inflammatory diseases. In atopic dermatitis (AD), skin barrier dysfunction allows stimuli to penetrate the skin and activate the innate immune system, leading to inflammation.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yuan-Tung Chu, Min-Tser Liao, Kuo-Wang Tsai, Kuo-Cheng Lu, Wan-Chung Hu
Summary: A comprehensive framework has been established to understand immunological pathways, and specific associations between immune responses and immune receptors have been identified. These findings contribute to the identification of biomarkers for immune cells and provide insights into host immunological pathways.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Lei Zhang, Guangshuai Liu, Tian Xia, Xiufeng Yang, Guolei Sun, Chao Zhao, Chunzhu Xu, Honghai Zhang
Summary: The study analyzed TLR genes from the genomes and transcriptomes of 102 amphibian species to understand their evolutionary patterns. Results showed that TLR genes can be divided into seven subfamilies, with TLR4 subfamily found only in Anura. Purification selection played a leading role in amphibian TLR evolution, and different domains had different evolution rates. Positive selection patterns and single-nucleotide polymorphisms were observed in TLR genes.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xiaoqin Tang, Qian Xu, Shuo Yang, Xinwu Huang, Long Wang, Feihong Huang, Jiesi Luo, Xiaogang Zhou, Anguo Wu, Qibing Mei, Chunling Zhao, Jianming Wu
Summary: Platelets, as the second most abundant blood component, play a crucial role in various physiological and pathological functions. In addition to its traditional role in hemostasis and thrombosis, platelets also have an indispensable role in inflammatory diseases. Thrombocytopenia, a common hematologic problem, is closely related to the fatality of many diseases, highlighting the significance of its prevention and treatment.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xin Zhi, Peipei Yang, Yunxue Xu, Zhifei Dai, Xiuli Yue, Linxue Qian
Summary: This review discusses the functions of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the tumor microenvironment and the pathways that activate immune responses. It also summarizes recent developments in nanotechnology for immunomodulation with TLR agonists. Nanotechnology can improve the efficacy of TLR agonist-based immunotherapy and address its limitations.
Review
Cell Biology
Stavros Garantziotis, Rashmin C. Savani
Summary: The extracellular matrix (ECM) is not only a structure but also plays key roles in cellular responses. Proteoglycans (PGs), a component of ECM, have been found to be crucial in both health maintenance and disease development by activating the innate immune system and influencing cell fate.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Katarzyna Wicherska-Pawlowska, Tomasz Wrobel, Justyna Rybka
Summary: The innate immune system recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), activating immune cells and initiating inflammatory and immune responses. This system also plays a role in cancer immunosurveillance, with potential for natural and synthetic agonists of PRRs to be used as adjuvants in cancer immunotherapies.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Review
Oncology
Yang Xun, Hua Yang, Bozena Kaminska, Hua You
Summary: Glioma is a fast proliferating and highly invasive brain tumor that is difficult to treat and often recurs. Toll-like receptors play dual roles in the glioma microenvironment, eliciting both anti-tumoral and pro-tumoral responses. Targeting TLRs in glioma treatment may provide new strategies for immunotherapy.
JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Physiology
Jay H. Lipinski, Nicole R. Falkowski, Gary B. Huffnagle, John R. Erb-Downward, Robert P. Dickson, Beth B. Moore, David N. O'Dwyer
Summary: The absence of toll-like receptors results in altered lung microbiota with changes in community composition, reduced diversity, and bacterial burden. Co-housing wild-type mice with toll-like receptor-deficient mice for 3 weeks did not significantly affect the composition of the lung microbiome. Toll-like receptor signaling plays a role in shaping lung microbiota.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Urology & Nephrology
Minghui Liu, Ke Zen
Summary: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the development and progression of renal diseases, with TLR2 and TLR4 promoting disease progression in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, diabetic nephropathy, CKD, and infection-associated renal diseases. Stimulation of TLR7/8 and TLR9 by host-derived nucleic acids also plays a key role in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Review
Oncology
Eileena F. Giurini, Mary Beth Madonna, Andrew Zloza, Kajal H. Gupta
Summary: In this review, we discuss the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in cancer and their potential as a target for immunotherapy. TLRs are transmembrane receptors involved in innate immunity and can recognize molecules derived from microbes and damaged cells. Activation of TLRs can lead to either pro-tumoral effects or anti-tumoral effects, depending on the TLR and tumor type. Understanding the effects of TLR stimulation in cancer is crucial for developing effective immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer.
Review
Immunology
Yang Yang, Hongyi Li, Christina Fotopoulou, Paula Cunnea, Xia Zhao
Summary: This article reviews the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in immune reactions and their potential in cancer treatment. TLR-targeted strategies have shown the ability to regulate the tumor microenvironment and have become part of standard care in some cases. However, challenges and further research are still needed for the development of TLR-targeted therapy.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Yingchi Zhang, Jia Liu, Changlun Wang, Junxian Liu, Wei Lu
Summary: Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms can increase the risk of autoimmune diseases, and studying these variations can expand our understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Canan Eroglu Gunes, Fatma Secer Celik, Mucahit Secme, Levent Elmas, Yavuz Dodurga, Ercan Kurar
Summary: In this study, it was observed that oleandrin has an effect on genes and miRNAs associated with TLR pathway in melanoma cells. The pathways of TLRs and hsa-miR-146a-5p and hsa-miR-21-5p may participate in the molecular mechanism of action of oleandrin.