Article
Polymer Science
Florian Tomiak, Klaus Rathberger, Angelina Schoeffel, Dietmar Drummer
Summary: A new expandable graphite type was studied as a flame retardant additive in Polyamide 6, showing significant fire inhibiting effect at around 15% filling degree, and achieving V0 classification under both humid and dry conditions.
Article
Polymer Science
Yin Yam Chan, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: This feature article focuses on one of the most impressive halogen-free combinations in polyurethane foams (PUFs): expandable graphite (EG) and phosphorus-based flame retardants (P-FRs). The synergistic effect of EG and P-FRs improves the flame retardancy of PUFs by charring and maintaining a thermally insulating residue morphology, offering significant advantages.
Article
Polymer Science
Xiaoxia Wu, Xudong Zhang, Jingpeng Wu, Xiaodong Li, Hao Jiang, Xing Su, Meishuai Zou
Summary: This study systematically investigates FR/microcellular polyurethane elastomer (MPUE) composites, and finds that using expandable graphite as a flame retardant can significantly increase the vertical combustion grade and reduce fire risk, but it also decreases the tensile strength of the material.
Article
Polymer Science
Hongkun Wang, Qiang Liu, Hui Li, Hao Zhang, Shouke Yan
Summary: In this study, a liquid-phosphorus-containing polyester diol (PPE) was incorporated into flame-retardant polyester-based flexible polyurethane foams (P-FPUFs). The results showed that PPE increased the flexibility of the foams and reduced the heat release rate and total heat release. Furthermore, the addition of expandable graphite (EG) further decreased the smoke production and increased the char formation.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yin Yam Chan, Andreas Korwitz, Doris Pospiech, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: A series of flexible polyurethane foams (FPUFs) were prepared with different combinations of flame retardants and additives to evaluate their synergistic effects on the properties of FPUFs. It was found that the combination of expandable graphite and phosphorous polyol significantly improved the char yield of the foams, thereby enhancing their flame retardancy. Furthermore, the addition of expandable graphite effectively reduced smoke and toxic gas emissions, while the replacement of polyether polyol with castor oil maintained the physical and mechanical properties and improved the bio-based content.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Haozhe Ning, Zhongying Ma, Zhihao Zhang, Dan Zhang, Yuhua Wang
Summary: EG@LDH composite, prepared by hydrothermal method, can effectively reduce smoke generation, improve flame retardant performance, and broaden the application scope in PVA and resin flame retardants with low cost and environmental characteristics.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Yin Yam Chan, Chao Ma, Feng Zhou, Yuan Hu, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: An alternative phosphorous soybean-oil-based polyol was used for flexible polyurethane foams synthesis, with the addition of 5% and 10% expandable graphite (EG) to improve flame retardancy. The combination of phosphorous polyols and EG showed significantly enhanced flame retardancy, with a three times increase in char yield, indicating a potential strategy for future flame retarded FPUFs.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2021)
Article
Physics, Condensed Matter
Xin-Chao Wang, Ya-Peng Sun, Jie Sheng, Tie Geng, Lih-Sheng Turng, Yong-Gang Guo, Xian-Hu Liu, Chun-Tai Liu
Summary: This study incorporated expansible graphite (EG) as a flame retardant into polyurethane foams (PUFs) to improve their fire resistance. The addition of EG reduced bubble size and increased mass density in PUFs, while maintaining their functional group structures. Such addition also enhanced thermal stability and flame retardancy without significantly compromising compression strength. These findings provide useful guidelines for the industrial production and applications of PUFs.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Quan Gao, He Zhao, Xue-Ling Zhou, Fu-Ya Liu, Yun-Hong Jiao, Ji-Xing Xie, Hong-Qiang Qu, Jian-Zhong Xu, Hai-Yun Ma
Summary: Spherical nickel hydroxystannate (NiSn(OH)(6), NHS) particles were prepared and mixed with PP matrix, PER and EG to study the flame-retardant, smoke suppressant and thermal degradation properties. The results showed that the PP composite with 2phr PER, 28phr EG and 2phr NHS passed the UL-94 V-0 level and significantly reduced heat release and smoke production.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Cheng-Shou Zhao, Yi-Song Jiang, Zhuang-Yuan Liu, Hua-Qiao Peng, Nima Esmaeili
Summary: By incorporating expandable graphite as an effective synergist, the flame retardant efficiency of self-intumescent epoxy resin system was significantly improved. The addition of expandable graphite increased the LOI value and enabled the system to pass UL-94 test, while reducing fire hazard parameters. This finding is important for enhancing fire safety.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Tsilla Bensabath, Johan Sarazin, Serge Bourbigot
Summary: Expandable graphite is used as a flame-retardant in polymers, forming a network of graphite worms that act as a thermal barrier. The anisotropy of heat conductivity in the intertwined network allows for heat dissipation in-plane but poorly out of plane, explaining the thermal barrier effect created by the entangled worms.
JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xin Li, Dong Liang, Kai Li, Xuemei Ma, Jianlan Cui, Zhiyong Hu
Summary: A hypophosphorous acid-based ionic liquid was synthesized and used with expandable graphite to enhance the flame retardancy of wood-plastic composites. The combination significantly reduced heat release rate and improved the char formation ability, demonstrating a synergistic effect on flame retardancy.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Jiajie Yang, Xiaohong Chen, Honglei Zhou, Weichun Guo, Jian Zhang, Zhen Miao, Daihua He
Summary: By compounding expandable graphite and aluminum hypophosphite, flame-retardant ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) composites were prepared with enhanced combustion performance. Thermogravimetric analysis results showed that AHP and EG promoted the carbonization of EVA to form the char layer, increasing LOI value and the probability to pass UL-94 V-0 rating.
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Wei Zhao, Hai-Bo Zhao, Jin-Bo Cheng, Wenxiong Li, Jiayan Zhang, Yu-Zhong Wang
Summary: This article introduces a formaldehyde-free phosphorus-containing polysiloxane coating for flame retardancy of EPS foam. The coating acts as both an adhesive and a flame retardant, providing durable thermal insulation and forming a graphited char layer to isolate oxygen, heat, combustible compounds, and smoke particles during combustion. EPS composites treated with this coating exhibit high fire safety and excellent comprehensive performance.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Yao Chen, Zhuyu Bai, Xiaoyu Xu, Jianbing Guo, Xiaolang Chen, Shaw Ling Hsu, Zongcheng Lu, Hong Wu
Summary: Researchers have developed a hybrid expandable graphite (EG) intumescent flame retardant for improving the fire safety of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF). The flame-retardant properties of RPUF composites with Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) self-assembled on the surface and interlamination of EG (HCCP@EG) were significantly enhanced, achieving a UL-94 V-0 level and a limiting index higher than 27.0%. The presence of HCCP also improved the mechanical property of RPUF composites through enhancing the interface compatibility between EG and RPUF.
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Sherif Araby, Chun-Hui Wang, Hao Wu, Qingshi Meng, Hsu-Chiang Kuan, Nam Kyeun Kim, Adrian Mouritz, Jun Ma
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2018)
Review
Polymer Science
Ashraful Alam, Yongjun Zhang, Hsu-Chiang Kuan, Sang-Heon Lee, Jun Ma
PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE
(2018)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Hao Wu, Sherif Araby, Jian Xu, Hsu-Chiang Kuan, Chun-Hui Wang, Adrian Mouritz, Yan Zhuge, Richard J. -T. Lin, Tony Zong, Jun Ma
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2018)
Article
Polymer Science
Shang-Hao Liu, Ming-Yuan Shen, Chen-Feng Kuan, Hsu-Chiang Kuan, Cing-Yu Ke, Chin-Lung Chiang
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Sherif Araby, Xiao Su, Qingshi Meng, Hsu-Chiang Kuan, Chun-Hui Wang, Adrian Mouritz, Ahmed Maged, Jun Ma
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Ruoyu Wang, Hsu-Chiang Kuan, Aidong Qiu, Xiao Su, Jun Ma
Article
Physics, Applied
Chen-Feng Kuan, Chin-Lung Chiang, Ming-Yuan Shen, Hsu-Chiang Kuan
MODERN PHYSICS LETTERS B
(2020)
Article
Physics, Applied
Ming-Yuan Shen, Chen-Feng Kuan, Hsu-Chiang Kuan, Jia-Ming Yang, Chin-Lung Chiang
MODERN PHYSICS LETTERS B
(2020)
Article
Physics, Applied
Hsu-Chiang Kuan, Chin-Lung Chiang, Ming-Yuan Shen, Chen-Feng Kuan
MODERN PHYSICS LETTERS B
(2020)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Mohannad Naeem, Hsu-Chiang Kuan, Andrew Michelmore, Qingshi Meng, Aidong Qiu, Mathias Aakyiir, Dusan Losic, Shenmin Zhu, Jun Ma
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2020)
Article
Thermodynamics
Ming-Yuan Shen, Chen-Feng Kuan, Hsu-Chiang Kuan, Cing-Yu Ke, Chin-Lung Chiang
Summary: By incorporating bagasse@TGIC@DOPO into the epoxy matrix to form a composite material with an interpenetrating network structure, the thermal stability and flame retardant properties of the composite material were enhanced, leading to significant improvement in performance indicators such as LOI and UL-94.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Ming-Yuan Shen, Chen-Feng Kuan, Hsu-Chiang Kuan, Cing-Yu Ke, Chin-Lung Chiang
Summary: This study synthesized a non-halogenated, hyperbranched flame retardant containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon using the sol-gel method and incorporated it into a polyurethane matrix to form an organic-inorganic hybrid material. The results showed that the hybrid material exhibited excellent compatibility between organic and inorganic phases, leading to improved flame retardant performance.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Mohannad Naeem, Hsu-Chiang Kuan, Andrew Michelmore, Sirong Yu, Adrian P. Mouritz, Sanjay S. Chelliah, Jun Ma
Summary: A green and novel method was developed for preparing epoxy/graphene nanocomposites by microwave radiation and mechanical stirring, which successfully produced surface-modified graphene platelets without the need for organic solvents and surfactants. The process resulted in exfoliated and well-dispersed graphene platelets with improved mechanical and functional properties of the epoxy resin.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Xiao Su, Ruoyu Wang, Xiaofeng Li, Sherif Araby, Hsu-Chiang Kuan, Mohannad Naeem, Jun Ma
Summary: This study reviews the application of MWCNTs and GNPs in polymer nanocomposites, discussing their preparation methods and properties. Both fillers can enhance the performance of polymers and provide anti-static properties through proper surface modification and compounding techniques. The study also provides perspectives on future research directions and challenges.
NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE
(2022)
Proceedings Paper
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
Chieh Kung, Hsu-Chiang Kuan, Chen-Feng Kuan
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2018 1ST IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON KNOWLEDGE INNOVATION AND INVENTION (ICKII 2018)
(2018)