Ketoxime Coupling of p-Acetylphenylalanine at Neutral pH for Site-Directed Spin Labeling of Human Sulfite Oxidase

Site-directed spin labeling of the unnatural amino acid p-acetylphenylalanine (p-AcPhe) using oxime based coupling chemistry is successfully applied to investigate human sulfite oxidase (hSO), a protein containing an essential cysteine residue, which impedes the use of thiol based coupling chemistry. The protein was found to be sensitive toward typical reaction conditions of oxime coupling, namely, acidic reaction conditions and elevated temperatures. Thus, coupling at neutral pH and room temperature is mandatory. Three catalysts described in the literature to accelerate the reaction rate have been tested. Best spin labeling efficiencies were observed for p-methoxyaniline, while the other catalysts described in the literature to have even better performance for oxime coupling at neutral pH were substantially less active or led to precipitation of the protein. A clear correlation of spin labeling efficiency with the local environment of the residue is found, shedding some light on the importance of the sterically demanding reaction complex between p-AcPhe, the aniline catalyst, and the spin label for the reaction rate. The analysis of the line shape has shown that its interpretation in terms of local environment is more challenging as compared to the well-established spin labels based on cysteine chemistry. To this end the results presented here indicate that the larger steric demand of the spin labeled p-AcPhe can induce structural effects instead of reporting on them.