The first decade of robotic surgery in children

Background: Robotic surgery offers technological solutions to current challenges of minimal access surgery, particularly for delicate and dexterous procedures within spatially constrained operative workspaces in children. The first robotic surgical procedure in a child was reported in April 2001. This review aims to examine the literature for global case volumes, trends, and quality of evidence for the first decade of robotic surgery in children. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed for all reported cases of robotic surgery in children during the period of April 2001 to March 2012. Results: Following identification of 220 relevant articles, 137 articles were included, reporting 2393 procedures in 1840 patients. The most prevalent gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and thoracic procedures were fundoplication, pyeloplasty, and lobectomy, respectively. There was a progressive trend of increasing number of publications and case volumes over time. The net overall reported conversion rate was 2.5%. The rate of reported robot malfunctions or failures was 0.5%. Conclusions: Robotic surgery is an expanding and diffusing innovation in pediatric surgery. Future evolution and evaluation should occur simultaneously, such that wider clinical uptake may be led by higher quality and level of evidence literature. (c) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.