Mutational analysis of Wnt signaling molecules in ameloblastoma with aberrant nuclear expression of β-catenin

BACKGROUND: To clarify the genetic background of ameloblastoma, expression of beta-catenin, and mutational status of genes involved in Wnt signaling pathway were investigated. METHODS: We analyzed beta-catenin and cyclin D1 in 18 cases of ameloblastoma by immunohistochemical staining, and searched for mutations in CTNNB1 (gene for beta-catenin), APC, AXIN1, and AXIN2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing method. RESULT: We detected membranous and occasionally cytoplasmic expression of beta-catenin in 16 of 18 cases (89%), and nuclear expression of beta-catenin principally in the peripheral columnar cells in 11 of 18 cases (61%). In nine of the 18 cases (50%), we detected the expression of cyclin D1 principally in the peripheral columnar cells. However, there was no correlation between nuclear expressions of beta-catenin and cyclin D1. No missense mutations were found in CTNNB1, APC, AXIN1, and AXIN2 in all cases except for silent mutation and already-known single nucleotide polymorphism. CONCLUSION: Mutations in CTNNB1, APC, AXIN1, and AXIN2 are not implicated in nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin, and that the expression of cyclin D1 is accelerated independently of beta-catenin in ameloblastomas. Other Wnt signaling members or alternative pathways involved in the degradation of beta-catenin should be subject of further investigation.