Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Liwen Li, Xiao Wang, Youguo Yan, Joseph S. Francisco, Jun Zhang, Xiao Cheng Zeng, Jie Zhong
Summary: This study investigates the nucleation process of natural gas hydrates at different degrees of supercooling using molecular dynamics simulations. The concept of a transition layer is proposed to explain the distinct nucleation phenomena observed at different supercoolings.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Manju Sharma, Satyam Singh
Summary: This study investigates the enhanced CO2 sequestration in natural gas hydrates using DFT calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, through the formation of stable dual cages and Y-shaped clusters in the presence of flue and noble gases.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Gustavo A. B. Sandoval, Marcio Couto Ozorio, Monica F. Naccache, Paulo R. de Souza Mendes, Amadeu K. Sum, Leandro Valim, Adriana Teixeira
Summary: This work presents a rheological analysis of cyclopentane hydrates formed in water-in-oil emulsions, investigating the influence of parameters such as pretreatment temperatures and cooling/heating rates. The study shows that the resulting hydrate slurry exhibits elasticity and shear thinning behavior, likely caused by breakdown of hydrate structures and alignment of hydrate agglomerates to the flow.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zhenchao Li, Yajun Deng, Shihang Rao, Hailong Lu
Summary: Molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the formation and distribution of hydrates in kaolinite slit pores with methane gas bubbles adsorbed on one surface. The results indicate that hydrates nucleate in the solution in pores and then grow into hydrate shells around methane gas bubbles, hindering methane diffusion. Additionally, the adsorption of methane on siloxane surfaces promotes its dissolution, benefiting hydrate formation. However, in siloxane-siloxane pores, the strong adsorption of siloxane surface forms layer-like bubbles with low methane concentration, inhibiting hydrate formation.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Rui Ma, Feng Wang, Yuanhao Chang, Senbo Xiao, Niall J. English, Jianying He, Zhiliang Zhang
Summary: In this study, large-scale molecular simulations were used to investigate the adhesion of hydrates on solid surfaces, focusing on the atomistic structures of the intermediate layer and their impact on adhesion. The results revealed that the structure of the intermediate layer is a competitive equilibrium of induced growth from both sides, regulated by the content of guest molecules. By comparing the fracture behaviors of hydrate-solid surface systems with different intermediate structures, it was found that the adhesion strength is determined by the lattice areal density of water structure and the adsorption of guest molecules on the interface. Further analysis of adhesion strength distribution showed significant differences in adhesion among different water structures like ice and hydrate, with ice having approximately five times the adhesion strength compared to the lowest hydrate adhesion strength, consistent with experimental results.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Hui Wang, Yi Lu, Xiaoxin Zhang, Qi Fan, Qingping Li, Lunxiang Zhang, Jiafei Zhao, Lei Yang, Yongchen Song
Summary: The current situation of global warming requires immediate attention due to the excessive accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere. This paper investigates the behavior of CO(2) hydrate growth in salt-containing electrolyte solutions using molecular dynamics simulations. The study explores the effect of thermodynamic conditions and salt ions on hydrate growth and provides insights into the mechanism of CO2 hydrate generation in seawater at the microscopic level.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Cristobal Romero-Guzman, Ivan M. Zeron, Jesus Algaba, Bruno Mendiboure, Jose Manuel Miguez, Felipe J. Blas
Summary: In this study, the effect of pressure on the interfacial free energy of carbon dioxide hydrate-water is investigated using advanced computer simulation techniques. The simulation results show good agreement with experimental measurements in the literature. The results suggest a correlation between the interfacial free energy values and the pressure.
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yue Zhao, Fansen Zeng, Dachuan Zhao, Lei Lin, Zhengcai Zhang
Summary: This study investigates the growth process of carbon dioxide hydrate in the presence of salt through systematic molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that the growth rate of hydrate decreases with increasing solution salinity, and the number of ions bound in the hydrate structure is related to the growth rate and salinity. The replacement of water molecules by ions at the vertex of the cages is energetically unfavorable. The temperature has a maximum effect on the growth rate, while pressure has a negligible impact. The ion concentration in the hydrate phase decreases with temperature and is hardly affected by pressure. The trapping of ions in the hydrate phase is kinetically controlled by ion diffusion properties.
CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Man Li, Keyao Li, Lei Yang, Yan Su, Jiafei Zhao, Yongchen Song
Summary: Isotopes play an important role in studying intermolecular interactions in clathrates by replacing atoms without destroying the geometry structure, revealing previously unrecognized effects. This study provides a tool for characterizing the guest-host system and can be universally applied to similar isotopic supramolecular compounds.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Man Li, Keyao Li, Lei Yang, Yan Su, Jiafei Zhao, Yongchen Song
Summary: Isotopes are ideal for studying intermolecular interactions in clathrates. By replacing methane with deuterated methane, a strong anharmonic effect was discovered. This effect was also confirmed to exist in methane hydrate, but with lower intensity. This finding provides a tool for characterizing intermolecular behavior in guest-host systems.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yi Lu, Xin Lv, Qingping Li, Lei Yang, Lunxiang Zhang, Jiafei Zhao, Yongchen Song
Summary: This study investigates the effects of initial H2S/CH4 mixed gas on the nucleation and growth process of hydrates using molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that increasing the initial proportion of H2S can decrease the size of nanobubbles, increase the concentration of gas molecules in water, and promote mixed hydrate formation. The study also observes a multi-site nucleation process and the preferential occupation of H2S in hydrates.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Zhengcai Zhang, Peter G. Kusalik, Changling Liu, Nengyou Wu
Summary: In this study, molecular simulations were used to investigate the formation of methane hydrates in surface-modified silica pores, and the impact of pore surface characteristics was emphasized. The results showed that methane hydrate formation had no preference towards hydrophobic or hydrophilic pore surfaces. It was also found that pre-filling the pores with methane could accelerate hydrate formation. This study enhances understanding of the hydrate formation process in pores and has implications for the design of gas hydrate promoters or inhibitors.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Bo Liao, Jintang Wang, Jinsheng Sun, Kaihe Lv, Lei Liu, Qi Wang, Ren Wang, Xindi Lv, Yudou Wang, Zhangxin Chen
Summary: Studying the synergism effect of different hydrate inhibitors on methane hydrate formation is crucial for developing new gas hydrate inhibitors and drilling and completion fluid systems.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Bin Fang, Tao Lu, Liwei Cheng, Dongdong Wang, Yang Ni, Bowen Fan, Jiuling Meng, Thijs J. H. Vlugt, Fulong Ning
Summary: This study used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the behavior of NaCl solution invasion into hydrates and its effects on dissociation kinetics. Results showed that salt invasion decelerated dissociation, but at high concentrations it could somewhat accelerate it while hindering methane release.
Article
Thermodynamics
Jun Zhang, Zili Wang, Liwen Li, Youguo Yan, Jiafang Xu, Jie Zhong
Summary: This study investigates the kinetic roles of methanol in hydrate nucleation using molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that the addition of methanol can inhibit hydrate nucleation, and this inhibition effect is related to the H-bond formation ability between methanol and water molecules.
Editorial Material
Chemistry, Physical
Zhengcai Zhang, Guang-Jun Guo
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jie Chen, Chanjuan Liu, Zhengcai Zhang, Nengyou Wu, Changling Liu, Fulong Ning, Bin Fang, Yizhao Wan, Qingtao Bu, Gaowei Hu
Summary: Strong static electric fields can induce the migration of Na+ and Cl- ions, leading to the decomposition of methane hydrate. Increasing electric field strength enhances the destructive ability of ions to hydrate, resulting in faster decomposition. This study provides insights into a new method for natural gas hydrate extraction and inhibition of hydrate formation in pipelines, as well as the potential of using hydrate as a new ion exchange membrane material in the future.
Article
Thermodynamics
Zhengcai Zhang, Peter G. Kusalik, Nengyou Wu, Changling Liu, Yongchao Zhang
Summary: This study investigates the stability of natural gas hydrates in confined space through molecular simulations, focusing on the effects of pore size and pore surface properties. The results show that the melting points of methane hydrate are controlled by the slit size, while the mineral surface has a minor effect. Additionally, the specific surface area of hydrate particles determines their stability in silica slits. Methane hydrate dissociates faster in confined space, especially in hydrophilic systems.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Mingmin Zhang, Zhengcai Zhang, Dongdong Ni
Summary: This study investigates the growth mechanism of sH hydrate through large-scale molecular dynamics simulations and finds that the improper trapping of MPD molecules at the hydrate surface is the main cause of slow crystal growth. Increasing pressure promotes hydrate growth, but excessive pressure leads to cross-growth of different types of hydrates. Furthermore, the proper concentration of MPD is also crucial for the growth of sH hydrate.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Lei Wang, Kyle Hall, Zhengcai Zhang, Peter G. Kusalik
Summary: This study utilizes molecular simulations to investigate the behavior of CH4/H2S mixed hydrate nucleation. It is found that CH4 is enriched in the hydrate phase while the aqueous phase is enriched in H2S. Nonstandard cages and cages with heptagonal faces play a significant role in the early-stage gas hydrate structural transitions.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Zhengcai Zhang, Peter G. Kusalik, Nengyou Wu, Changling Liu, Fulong Ning
Summary: This study investigated the impacts of calcite nanoparticles on methane hydrate formation through molecular dynamics simulations. The results revealed that the nanoparticles inhibit methane hydrate nucleation and do not have clear connections with nucleated hydrates. Furthermore, the nanoparticles only affect hydrate growth when the growth front approaches the bound water around the nanoparticles.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Lei Wang, Zhengcai Zhang, Peter G. Kusalik
Summary: This study uses molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the nucleation behavior of gas hydrates in water nanodroplets immersed in a non-aqueous liquid. The study examines key factors influencing nucleation and finds that H2S tends to initiate hydrate formation. The results provide important insights into the molecular mechanism of clathrate hydrate nucleation in water-in-oil emulsions.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Chao Zheng, Guang-Jun Guo, Xuwen Qin, Yanhui Dong, Cheng Lu, Bo Peng, Wei Tang, Hang Bian
Summary: Water/methane two-phase flow in a hydrophilic cylindrical nanopore was studied using molecular simulations, and a water lock model and its formation mechanism were proposed. These findings are valuable for understanding two-phase percolation and optimizing gas production and water removal schemes during hydrate exploitation.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Cuiping Tang, Abdolreza Farhadian, Avni Berisha, Mohamed A. Deyab, Jie Chen, Danial Iravani, Alireza Rahimi, Zhengcai Zhang, Deqing Liang
Summary: Gas hydrate and corrosion inhibitors are commonly used in oil and gas pipelines to ensure smooth flow, but compatibility issues arise when they are co-injected. Using anti-agglomerant hydrate inhibitors is an effective method to control gas hydrate plugging in deep-water hydrocarbon flow lines or drilling operations.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yue Zhao, Fansen Zeng, Dachuan Zhao, Lei Lin, Zhengcai Zhang
Summary: This study investigates the growth process of carbon dioxide hydrate in the presence of salt through systematic molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that the growth rate of hydrate decreases with increasing solution salinity, and the number of ions bound in the hydrate structure is related to the growth rate and salinity. The replacement of water molecules by ions at the vertex of the cages is energetically unfavorable. The temperature has a maximum effect on the growth rate, while pressure has a negligible impact. The ion concentration in the hydrate phase decreases with temperature and is hardly affected by pressure. The trapping of ions in the hydrate phase is kinetically controlled by ion diffusion properties.
CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jie Chen, Zhengcai Zhang, Yongchao Hao, Daniel Porfirio Luis Jimenez, Jiafang Xu, Nengyou Wu, Fulong Ning, Bin Fang, Jun Zhang, Jianye Sun, Xiluo Hao, Qingguo Meng, YanLong Li, Yizhao Wan, Chanjuan Liu, Gaowei Hu
Summary: The formation and dissociation of gas hydrate can be influenced by electrostatic fields, making it a potential technology with great application value in hydrate exploitation, prevention, and related technologies. The molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the migration and destruction of ions in the hydrate are influenced by the strength of the electrostatic field. The insights gained from this study are beneficial for the application of electrostatic field in hydrate mining and safety of oil and gas pipeline transportation.
Article
Thermodynamics
Zhengcai Zhang, Peter G. Kusalik, Changling Liu, Nengyou Wu
Summary: In this study, molecular simulations were used to investigate the formation of methane hydrates in surface-modified silica pores, and the impact of pore surface characteristics was emphasized. The results showed that methane hydrate formation had no preference towards hydrophobic or hydrophilic pore surfaces. It was also found that pre-filling the pores with methane could accelerate hydrate formation. This study enhances understanding of the hydrate formation process in pores and has implications for the design of gas hydrate promoters or inhibitors.
Review
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Yong-chao Zhang, Le-le Liu, Gao-wei Hu, Qing-tao Bu, Cheng-feng Li, Zheng-cai Zhang, Jian-ye Sun, Chang-ling Liu
Summary: This study reviews the formation mechanisms of grain-displacing hydrate from the perspective of geological accumulation and microscale sedimentary property, and proposes shortcomings in current theories and suggestions for future study.
Review
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Zheng-cai Zhang, Neng-you Wu, Chang-ling Liu, Xi-luo Hao, Yong-chao Zhang, Kai Gao, Bo Peng, Chao Zheng, Wei Tang, Guang-jun Guo
Summary: This article provides a systematic evaluation of recent advances in molecular dynamics simulation of hydrate nucleation and growth. It explores the enlightening significance of these studies for hydrate applications. Additionally, potential directions for molecular simulation in the research of hydrate nucleation and growth are proposed, and the future of molecular simulation research in this field is discussed.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Sergey Yu. Ketkov, Sheng-Yuan Tzeng, Elena A. Rychagova, Anton N. Lukoyanov, Wen-Bih Tzeng
Summary: Metallocenes, including methylcobaltocene, play important roles in various fields of chemistry. The ionization energy and vibrational structure of (Cp ')(Cp)Co can be influenced by introducing methyl substituents. The mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectrum and DFT calculations provide accurate information about the properties and transformations of (Cp ')(Cp)Co.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2024)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Qifeng Mu, Jian Hu
Summary: Polymer mechanochemistry has experienced a renaissance due to the rapid development of mechanophores and principles governing mechanochemical transduction or material strengthening. It has not only provided fundamental guidelines for converting mechanical energy into chemical output, but also found applications in engineering and smart devices.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Da Hye Yang, Francesco Ricci, Fredrik L. Nordstrom, Na Li
Summary: Through systematic evaluation of the oiling-out behavior of procaine, we identified both stable and metastable liquid-liquid phase separation, and established phase diagrams to assist in rational selection of crystallization strategies.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Vikki Anand Varma, Simmie Jaglan, Mohd Yasir Khan, Sujin B. Babu
Summary: Designing engineering structures like nanocages, shells, and containers through self-assembly of colloids is a challenging problem. This work proposes a simple model for the subunit, which leads to the formation of monodispersed spherical cages or containers. The model with only one control parameter can be used to design cages with the desired radius.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Hainan Jiang, Yaolong He, Xiaolin Li, Zhiyao Jin, Huijie Yu, Dawei Li
Summary: The cycling lifespan and coulombic efficiency of lithium-ion batteries are crucial for high C-rate applications. The Li-ion concentration plays a crucial role in determining the mechanical integrity and structural stability of electrodes. This study focuses on graphite as the working electrode and establishes an experimental system to investigate the mechanical properties of composite graphite electrode at different C-rates. Considering the effect of Li-ion concentration in stress analysis is found to be significant.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zhiye Wang, Yunchuan Li, Mingjun Sun
Summary: This study investigates the influence of intramolecular pi-pi interactions on the electronic transport capabilities of molecules. By designing and analyzing three pi-conjugated molecules, the researchers observe that different pi-conjugated structures have varying effects on electron transport. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for designing single-molecule electronic devices with multiple electron channels based on intramolecular pi-pi interactions.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yuandong Xu, Haoyang Feng, Chaoyang Dong, Yuqing Yang, Meng Zhou, Yajun Wei, Hui Guo, Yaqing Wei, Jishan Su, Yingying Ben, Xia Zhang
Summary: Hollow MoS2 cubes and spheres were successfully synthesized using a one-step hydrothermal method with the hard template method. The hollow MoS2 cubes exhibited higher specific capacitance and energy density compared to the hollow MoS2 spheres. The symmetrical supercapacitors assembled with these hollow structures showed good performance and high capacity retention after multiple cycles. These findings suggest that controlling the pore structure and surface characteristics of MoS2 is crucial for enhancing its electrochemical properties.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ainhoa Oliden-Sanchez, Rebeca Sola-Llano, Joaquin Perez-Pariente, Luis Gomez-Hortiguela, Virginia Martinez-Martinez
Summary: The combination of photoactive molecules and inorganic structures is important for the development of advanced materials in optics. In this study, bulky dyes were successfully encapsulated in a zeolitic framework, resulting in emission throughout the visible spectrum.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Miaomiao Zhang, Cunyuan Pei, Qiqi Xiang, Lintao Liu, Zhongxu Dai, Huijuan Ma, Shibing Ni
Summary: The design of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays a crucial role in improving the electrochemical performance of anode materials. In this study, lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate (LiDFOB) is used as an electrolyte additive to form a protective SEI film on Li3VO4 (LVO) anodes. The addition of LiDFOB results in a dense, uniform, stable, and LiF-richer SEI, which enhances the Li-ion storage kinetics. The generated SEI also prevents further decomposition of the electrolyte and maintains the morphology of LVO anodes during charge/discharge processes. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of LiDFOB as a multi-functional additive for LiPF6 electrolytes and provides insights into SEI construction for high-performance LVO anodes.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
B. V. Andryushechkin, T. V. Pavlova, V. M. Shevlyuga
Summary: The atomic structure of the Ag(111)-p(4 x 4)-O phase was reexamined and two phases with the same periodicity were discovered. It was demonstrated that the accepted Ag6 model is incompatible with high-resolution oxygen-sensitive STM images.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
S. L. Romo-Avila, D. Marquez-Ruiz, R. A. Guirado-Lopez
Summary: In this study, we used density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the interaction between model graphene oxide (GO) nanostructures and chlorine monoxide ClO. We aimed to understand the role of this highly oxidizing species in breaking C-C bonds and forming significant holes on GO sheets. Our results showed that C-C bonds in a single graphene oxide sheet can be broken through a simple mechanism involving the dissociation of two chemically attached ClO molecules. The formation of carbonyl groups and holes on the GO surface was also observed. This study provides important insights into the degradation of carbon nanotubes and the stability of GO during the myeloperoxidase (MPO) catalytic cycle.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Alberto Garcia-Fernandez, Birgit Kammlander, Stefania Riva, Hakan Rensmo, Ute B. Cappel
Summary: In this study, the X-ray stability of five different lead halide perovskite compositions (MAPbI3, MAPbCl3, MAPbBr3, FAPbBr3, CsPbBr3) was investigated using photoelectron spectroscopy. Different degradation mechanisms and resistance to X-ray were observed depending on the crystal composition. Overall, perovskite compositions based on the MA+ cation were found to be less stable than those based on FA+ or Cs+. Metallic lead formation was most easily observed in the chloride perovskite, followed by bromide, and very little in MAPbI3. Multiple degradation processes were identified for the bromide compositions, including ion migration, formation of volatile and solid products, as well as metallic lead. CsBr was formed as a solid degradation product on the surface of CsPbBr3.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Timofei Rostilov, Vadim Ziborov, Alexander Dolgoborodov, Mikhail Kuskov
Summary: The shock-loading behavior of nanomaterials is investigated in this study. It is found that shock compaction waves exhibit a distinct two-step structure, with the formation of faster precursor waves that travel ahead of the main compaction waves. The complexity of the shock Hugoniot curve of the tested nanomaterial is described, and the effect of initial porosity on the compressed states is demonstrated.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Sergey S. Nikitin, Alexander D. Koryakov, Elizaveta A. Antipinskaya, Alexey A. Markov, Mikhail V. Patrakeev
Summary: The stability of La1/3Sr2/3Fe1-xMnxO3-delta, a perovskite-type oxide, under reducing conditions is dependent on the manganese content. Increasing the manganese content leads to a decrease in stability. The behavior of iron and manganese in the oxide shows distinct differences, which can be attributed to the difference in the enthalpy of oxidation reactions. Additionally, the change in the La/Sr ratio affects the concentration of iron and manganese ions.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Mosayeb Naseri, Shirin Amirian, Mehrdad Faraji, Mohammad Abdur Rashid, Maicon Pierre Lourenco, Venkataraman Thangadurai, D. R. Salahub
Summary: Inspired by the successful transfer of freestanding ultrathin films of SrTiO3 and BiFeO3, this study assessed the structural stability and investigated the electronic, optical, and thermoelectric properties of a group of two-dimensional perovskite-type materials called perovskenes. The findings revealed that these materials are wide bandgap semiconductors with potential application in UV shielding. Moreover, they exhibit better electrical and thermal conductivity at high temperatures, enabling efficient power generation in thermoelectric devices.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2024)