Human immunodeficiency virus-associated cytomegalovirus infection with multiple small vessel cerebral infarcts in the setting of early immune reconstitution

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is an important cause of neurologic disease in the context of advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and is recognized as a cause of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Central nervous system vasculitis secondary to CMV has only rarely been described in the context of HIV, despite the established ability of CMV to infect microvascular endothelial cells in the brain. However, we report a case that demonstrates the association between CMV and multiple small vessel cerebral infarct lesions after initiation of HAART.