Attenuating Experimental Spinal Cord Injury by Hyperbaric Oxygen: Stimulating Production of Vasculoendothelial and Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Growth Factors and Interleukin-10

The present study was carried out to further examine the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) on experimental spinal cord injury (SCI). Rats were divided into three major groups: (1) sham operation (laminectomy only); (2) laminectomy + SCI + normobaric air (NBA; 21% oxygen at 1 ATA); and (3) laminectomy + SCI + HBO2 (100% oxygen at 2.5 ATA for 2 h). Spinal cord injury was induced by compressing the spinal cord for 1 min with an aneurysm clip calibrated to a closing pressure of 55 g. HBO2 therapy was begun immediately after SCI. Behavioral tests of hindlimb motor function as measured by the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor scale was conducted on days 1-7 post-SCI. The triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining assay and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate biotin nick-end labeling assay were also conducted after SCI to evaluate spinal cord infarction and apoptosis, respectively. Cells positive for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic nerve growth factor (GDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cytokines in the injured spinal cord were assayed by immunofluorescence and commercial kits, respectively. It was found that HBO2 therapy significantly attenuated SCI-induced hindlimb dysfunction, and spinal cord infarction and apoptosis, as well as overproduction of spinal cord interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-a. In contrast, the numbers of both GDNF-positive and VEGF-positive cells and production of spinal cord interleukin-10 after SCI were all significantly increased by HBO2. These data suggest that HBO2 may attenuate experimental SCI by stimulating production of GDNF, VEGF, and interleukin-10.