Dual regeneration of muscle and nerve by intravenous administration of human amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells regulated by stromal cell-derived factor-1α in a sciatic nerve injury model

Object. Human amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AFMSCs) have been shown to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. The expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1 alpha) in the injured nerve exerts a trophic effect by recruiting progenitor cells that promote nerve regeneration. In this study, the authors investigated the feasibility of intravenous administration of AFMSCs according to SDF-1 alpha expression time profiles to facilitate neural regeneration in a sciatic nerve crush injury model. Methods. Peripheral nerve injury was induced in 63 Sprague-Dawley rats by crushing the left sciatic nerve using a vessel clamp. The animals were randomized into 1 of 3 groups: Group I, crush injury as the control; Group II, crush injury and intravenous administration of AFMSCs (5 x 10(6) cells for 3 days) immediately after injury (early administration); and Group III, crush injury and intravenous administration of AFMSCs (5 x 10(6) cells for 3 days) 7 days after injury (late administration). Evaluation of neurobehavior, electrophysiological study, and assessment of regeneration markers were conducted every week after injury. The expression of SDF-1 alpha and neurotrophic factors and the distribution of AFMSCs in various time profiles were also assessed. Results. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha increased the migration and wound healing of AFMSCs in vitro, and the migration ability was dose dependent. Crush injury induced the expression of SDF-1 alpha at a peak of 10-14 days either in nerve or muscle, and this increased expression paralleled the expression of its receptor, chemokine receptor type-4 (CXCR-4). Most AFMSCs were distributed to the lung during early or late administration. Significant deposition of AFMSCs in nerve and muscle only occurred in the late administration group. Significantly enhanced neurobehavior, electrophysiological function, nerve myelination, and 'expression of neurotrophic factors and acetylcholine receptor were demonstrated in the late administration group. Conclusions. Amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells can be recruited by expression of SDF-1 alpha in muscle and nerve after nerve crush injury. The increased deposition of AFIVISCs paralleled the expression profiles of SDF-1 alpha and its receptor CXCR-4 in either muscle or nerve. Administration of AFMSCs led to improvements in neurobehavior and expression of regeneration markers. Intravenous administration of AFMSCs may be a promising alternative treatment strategy in peripheral nerve disorder. (http://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2012.2.JNS111360)