Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase Expression in the Central Nervous System Is Elevated at Sites of Pressure Gradient Elevation but Not Absolute Pressure Increase

The paucity of suitable experimental models has made it difficult to isolate the pathogenic role of mitochondria in central nervous system diseases associated with absolute pressure elevation and increased pressure gradients. Experimental models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hydrocephalus have been useful for examining the mitochondrial response following pressure increase in the central nervous system; however, the presence of multiple pathogenic factors acting on the brain in these previous studies has made it difficult to determine whether the induced changes were a result of mechanical damage, intracranial pressure elevation, or other pathogenic factors. By direct monitoring and control of pressures in the intraocular, intracranial, and vascular compartments, we use the pig optic nerve, a typical central white matter tract, to compare the temporal sequence of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) levels between regions of absolute pressure elevation and pressure gradient increase. We demonstrate that a rise in pressure gradient without traumatic injury up-regulates CcO levels across the site of the gradient, in a manner similar to what has been previously reported for hydrocephalus. We also demonstrate that CcO changes do not occur following an absolute pressure rise. These findings taken together with our recent reports suggest that mitochondria initiate an early compensatory response to axonal damage following pressure gradient increase. Extrapolation of our results also suggests that decreased CcO levels in TBI may be secondary to mechanical damage. This study emphasises the importance of pressure gradients in regulating mitochondrial function in the central nervous system. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.