Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Chen Yang, Xiaowen Shi, Luhe Qi, Xinyi Zhu, Jun Tong, Hongbing Deng, Yumin Du
Summary: This study demonstrates the storage and retrieval of structural information in hydrogel through electrically induced covalent cross-linking. By leveraging the diffusible feature of hydrogel, different micromorphology, chemical properties, and pH sensitivity are achieved in the written area, enabling dynamic information storage in 2D and 3D formats. The use of stable electrical inputs showcases the versatility in storing dynamic structural information and allows for recognition of the embedded information through chemical and physical variations.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Visit Vao-soongnern
Summary: The structural and surface properties of PErP nanoparticles with different comonomer compositions were studied using Monte Carlo simulation. At higher ethylene fraction in PErP chains, the interior bulk densities of nanoparticles increased and the surfaces became sharper. Chain ends were preferentially segregated at the surface, while the comonomers in the middle position were homogeneously distributed inside the nanoparticles. Chain dimensions and shape changed mostly in the surface region and decreased significantly with higher ethylene fraction.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Dejin Jiao, Zhengqun Li, Jia Yu Hu, Xin Ning Zhang, Jiaqi Guo, Qiang Zheng, Zi Liang Wu
Summary: This study reports water resistant nanocomposites composed of sustainable chitin nanofibrils (ChNFs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) that are physically cross-linked by tannic acid (TA) to enhance and stabilize wet mechanical properties. The formation of polymer-coated core/shell nanofibrils at the intermediate stage is crucial for the well-defined nanopaper structures. With the increase in the amount of conjugated TA, the swollen nanocomposites show superior mechanical properties compared to existing water-borne nanofibils/polymer nanocomposites.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Parisa Taheri, Mohammad Salehi Maleh, Ahmadreza Raisi
Summary: In this study, PEGDA was used as a cross-linking agent to develop plasticizing-resistant CO2 separation membranes, showing that the concentration of the crosslinking agent strongly affects membrane structure and CO2 separation properties.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Hui Chen, Tao Liu, Yue Li, Li Cai, Zhezhe Zhou, Sheldon Q. Shi, Shanshan Gong, Jianzhang Li
Summary: Green and sustainable biomass materials based on wood processing residues have great potential as substitutes for petroleum-based plastics. A high-performance bio-based plastic was successfully fabricated using a dual-crosslinking strategy of sodium lignosulfonate (LS) and epichlorohydrin (ECH) modification. The resulting TOLC-LS/ECH film exhibited exceptional tensile strength, thermal stability, water resistance, biodegradability, and mechanical stability. Compared to other sustainable bio-based plastics, this film combines low production cost, high mechanical properties, and excellent thermal stability, making it suitable for mulch, daily packaging, and other applications.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Sultan Otep, Kosuke Ogita, Naomasa Yomogita, Kazunori Motai, Yang Wang, Yu-Cheng Tseng, Chu-Chen Chueh, Yuhei Hayamizu, Hidetoshi Matsumoto, Ken Ishikawa, Takehiko Mori, Tsuyoshi Michinobu
Summary: Thermal or photochemical 1,4-coupling reactions of butadiyne units can be employed to cross-link polymers for use in organic electronic devices. Intermolecular p-p stacking of the main chain backbones assists in butadiyne unit alignment, affecting charge transport properties in organic field-effect transistors. Different poly(arylenebutadiynylene) structures have varying effects on charge carrier mobility due to their unique topochemical cross-linking reactions.
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Yuxia Pang, Yanning Sun, Yanling Luo, Mingsong Zhou, Xueqing Qiu, Conghua Yi, Hongming Lou
Summary: The all-lignin microcapsules fabricated by crosslinking lignin particles at the Pickering emulsion droplets interface showed ideal shell thickness and a double-layer structure, with potential for encapsulating hydrophobic substances like photosensitive pesticides. The significant sustained-release performance of these microcapsules, demonstrated by retaining 93.7% of the core material after UV irradiation, indicates excellent protection provided by lignin's ultraviolet absorption property.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Simon Schoelch, Jan-Lukas Schaefer, Tobias Meckel, Thomas Brandstetter, Markus Biesalski, Juergen Ruehe
Summary: The study introduces an alternative method to improve the wet strength of paper by using thermally cross-linked copolymers and investigates their effects on paper substrates. Results show that the method significantly increases the wet strength of paper, with modified samples showing tensile indices over 50 times higher compared to unmodified samples.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Giulia Fredi, Andrea Dorigato, Alessandro Dussin, Eleftheria Xanthopoulou, Dimitrios N. Bikiaris, Luigi Botta, Vincenzo Fiore, Alessandro Pegoretti
Summary: This work investigates the properties of PLA and PEF blends and addresses the issues of inadequate UV-shielding and gas-barrier properties of PLA as a flexible packaging film. The study shows that adding a commercial compatibilizer/chain extender, Joncryl ADR 4468 (J), can improve the blend's mechanical, UV-shielding, and gas-barrier properties, making it promising for packaging applications.
Article
Polymer Science
Alireza Zare, Borja Pascual-Jose, Silvia de la Flor, Amparo Ribes-Greus, Xavier Montane, Jose Antonio Reina, Marta Giamberini
Summary: Dendronized polyethers, when utilized as cation transport materials, exhibit columnar liquid crystal structures. By grafting Poly(epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene oxide) with methyl 3,4,5-tris[4-(n-dodecan-1-yloxy)benzyloxy] benzoate, the resulting polymers showed enhanced thermal properties. The presence of dendrons induced main chain partial crystallization and increased polymer Tg, with copolymer orientation during annealing being influenced by cooling rate and temperature.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Mathieu N. Tousignant, Zheng Sonia Lin, Jaclyn Brusso, Benoit H. Lessard
Summary: Electronic waste is a growing challenge that requires the integration of high-performance sustainable materials for its solution. This study developed a UV-cross-linking PCL dielectric layer that effectively cross-linked with PVA dielectric, leading to high-performance capacitors and thin-film transistors based on single-walled carbon nanotubes.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Karolina Almonaityte, Greta Cizauskaite, Joana Bendoraitiene, Laura Peciulyte, Ramune Rutkaite
Summary: Starches of different botanical origin, such as potato, wheat, and corn, are cross-linked with epichlorohydrin at various ratios, and the degree of cross-linking is evaluated by solubility in KOH solution and pasting properties. The size of starch microgranules affects the degree of cross-linking, with smaller granules requiring more cross-linking agent for the same solubility or viscosity characteristics. Two methods are discussed for determining the degree of cross-linking, with the alkali solubility method suitable for a wide range, while viscoamylography approach is only effective when the amount of EPI is increased.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Laura Boetje, Xiaohong Lan, Jur van Dijken, Gerbrich Kaastra, Michael Polhuis, Katja Loos
Summary: In this study, biobased films were synthesized using different cross-linkers for starch, showing the potential for tuning the mechanical and thermal properties of the films. These films may have applications in packaging due to their increased flexibility.
Article
Polymer Science
Trevor Gilbert, Matthew A. Campea, Nahieli Preciado Rivera, Michael Majcher, Richard Alsop, Mouhanad Babi, Thomas Kalab, Jose Moran-Mirabal, Maikel Rheinstadter, Todd Hoare
Summary: In this study, injectable PNIPAM/PVP interpenetrating polymer networks were fabricated and characterized. The results show that the internal structure of the injectable IPNs can be controlled by adjusting the PVP molecular weight and degree of thiolation. The PNIPAM gelation drives the formation of domains, with PNIPAM mainly located in the PVP-rich domains and PVP entrapped in the PNIPAM-rich domain. Additionally, the structural reconfiguration of the IPNs can be achieved by heating above the volume phase transition temperature of the PNIPAM phase, which is influenced by the molecular weight and thiolation degree of the PVP precursor polymers.
Article
Materials Science, Biomaterials
Shuang Li, Dongyang Niu, Tuhe Shi, Wentao Yun, Shifeng Yan, Guohua Xu, Jingbo Yin
Summary: This study presents a novel design of injectable hydrogels via a Schiff base cross-linking reaction between adipic dihydrazide (ADH)-modified poly(L-glutamic acid) (PLGA-ADH) and benzaldehydeterminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-CHO). The hydrogels showed good self-healing ability and biocompatibility with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), promoting BMSC proliferation and deposition of glycosaminoglycans and upregulating the expression of cartilage-specific genes. In a rat cartilage defect model, the hydrogels significantly promoted new cartilage formation, indicating their potential in cartilage tissue engineering.
ACS BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jingcong Xu, Volker Abetz
Summary: Graft copolymers with POEGMA backbones and PNIPAM side chains were synthesized using photoiniferter RAFT polymerization, showing unique temperature-dependent behaviors in aqueous solutions. The thermoresponsive properties were affected by the introduced end-groups, and post-polymerization modification further expanded the potential applications.
Article
Polymer Science
Katharina Nieswandt, Prokopios Georgopanos, Martin Held, Evgeni Sperling, Volker Abetz
Summary: Thermoresponsive copolymers were synthesized and their thermoresponsive properties were characterized. The copolymers showed a lower critical solution temperature in water, which depended on the molar fraction of one of the monomers. Block copolymers were also prepared using a surfactant-free emulsion polymerization method, and their thermoresponsive behavior in a confined state was investigated. The nanospheres showed a linear change in hydrodynamic radius with temperature, and the addition of certain salt anions affected the collapse of the nanospheres' corona.
Article
Polymer Science
Esra Caliskan, Sergey Shishatskiy, Silvio Neumann, Volker Abetz, Volkan Filiz
Summary: In this study, a series of PIM-based homo- and copolymers were synthesized and characterized using anthracene maleimide monomers with different aliphatic side groups. The introduction of bulky substituents increased the free volume and permeability of the polymers, while the maleimide moiety enhanced their water vapor affinity.
Editorial Material
Polymer Science
Holger Schmalz, Volker Abetz
Summary: This Special Issue presents the latest developments in synthesis, self-assembly, and potential applications of block copolymers with crystallizable blocks.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Clarissa Abetz, Prokopios Georgopanos, Claudio Pistidda, Thomas Klassen, Volker Abetz
Summary: Hydrogen is crucial for the transition to a sustainable future without CO2 emissions. It can be produced from renewable energy sources like solar and wind power and used to buffer energy fluctuations in all sectors. Safe and efficient storage options, such as metal hydride materials, are essential for hydrogen technology implementation.
ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Zhenzhen Zhang, Md. Mushfequr Rahman, Barbara Bajer, Nico Scharnagl, Volker Abetz
Summary: In this study, a series of porous membranes with different effective pore sizes were successfully prepared using a membrane post-modification technique. The excellent separation performance was demonstrated by separating organic molecules of 1-2 nm in size.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Siraphat Weerathaworn, Volker Abetz
Summary: This study focuses on the synthesis of narrow disperse di- and triblock copolymers and their modification and cross-linking to produce vitrimers with excellent thermal and mechanical properties. The characteristic properties of these vitrimers can be adjusted by different types and amounts of diamines. Due to the thermoreversible nature of the transamination reaction, these vitrimers are reprocessable and recyclable materials.
MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Sascha Benedict Lemich, Nils Sobania, Nils-Felix Meyer, Patrick Schuetz, Birgit Hankiewicz, Volker Abetz
Summary: This article introduces an in situ approach for synthesizing multiresponsive Au@Polymer hybrid systems using a tailor-made P(DMAEMA) precursor. The photoiniferter RAFT mechanism is applied for the polymerization of the precursor, and the influence of different RAFT Z-groups on the solubility of the Au-hybrids is studied. Aging effects and thermoresponsive behavior of the Au-hybrids in an aqueous solution are observed using TEM and DLS analysis, and the influence of free polymer in solution on suspension stability is investigated. The potential applications of the synthesized hybrids in crosslinking and CO2 sensitivity are also discussed.
MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Aniket Raje, Prokopios Georgopanos, Joachim Koll, Jelena Lillepaerg, Ulrich A. Handge, Volker Abetz
Summary: The study used foam extrusion to produce highly porous foams from a blend of polyethersulfone (PESU) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), reducing the processing temperature by approximately 100°C and achieving energy efficiency and sustainability. The resulting extruded polymer foam had a porosity of approximately 51% and an average foam cell diameter of 5 μm.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Philipp Haida, Suwabun Chirachanchai, Volker Abetz
Summary: This article presents starch-reinforced biobased and biodegradable vinylogous urethane vitrimer composites with high shares of starch, exhibiting recyclable thermosetting properties. The combination of dynamic covalent bonds and biobased raw materials enables the development of new polymers with excellent carbon footprint, mechanical properties, and multiple recycling methods.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2023)
Review
Engineering, Chemical
Volker Abetz
Summary: Block copolymers with self-assembled structures offer various opportunities for material separation. Flat and hollow filament membranes with regularly arranged pores can be produced from these block copolymers. The sizes and functionalities of these membranes can be adjusted in different ways, allowing for a wide range of applications in material separation. Moreover, tailor-made amphiphilic block copolymers can be used for specific extraction of substances from aqueous to organic solutions.
CHEMIE INGENIEUR TECHNIK
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Hluf Hailu Kinfu, Md. Mushfequr Rahman, Erik Sebastian Schneider, Nicolas Cevallos-Cueva, Volker Abetz
Summary: Thin film composite membranes with high selectivity between organic solutes were prepared using a green synthesis procedure. The membranes contain a metal-polyphenol network and can be fine-tuned for various properties by adjusting the components' ratio. Filtration tests showed good selectivity between different charged dyes and trivalent negatively charged dyes. This work provides an eco-friendly membrane synthesis method for applications in water and wastewater treatment.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Florian C. Klein, Malte Vogt, Volker Abetz
Summary: Bio-based polymer building blocks derived from abundant biomass, such as lignin-derived vanillin, are used to synthesize sustainable high-performance polymers through chemical modifications. The resulting materials, formed by covalent adaptable Schiff base networks, exhibit thermally reprocessable and environmentally friendly properties, without the use of highly toxic amines. By adjusting the composition of the network building blocks, the mechanical and stress-relaxation properties of the materials can be tailored.
MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Lara Hub, Joachim Koll, Maryam Radjabian, Volker Abetz
Summary: Photo-initiated iniferter RAFT polymerization can synthesize polymers in a water-ethanol mixture without the need for external initiators. The influence of light intensity and temperature on polymerizations were investigated and optimized. Well-defined homopolymers of different monomer classes with narrow molecular weight distribution were synthesized in short polymerization times.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Zhenzhen Zhang, Md. Mushfequr Rahman, Ivonne Ternes, Barbara Bajer, Volker Abetz
Summary: This study reports on the development of positively charged isoporous block copolymer nanofiltration membranes with designed soft nanochannels. The membranes were obtained through self-assembly and non-solvent-induced phase separation. A versatile post-modification approach was used to engineer well-defined soft nanochannels. The membranes demonstrated the capability to separate mono-/divalent cations based on their ionic size difference, charge, and energy. The selectivity of the membranes was significantly higher in binary-salt systems compared to single-salt systems. The membranes also showed potential for recovering valuable ionic species from water, such as Mg, which is classified as a critical raw material in Europe.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Jiawei Hou, Shixuan Guo, Nigel Graham, Wenzheng Yu, Kening Sun, Ting Liu
Summary: A novel 2D composite membrane based on r-HGO and MXene materials was developed, demonstrating exceptional performance for water treatment in terms of permeability, pollutant rejection, and physical stability. The optimization of preparation conditions and material proportions can result in high water flux and efficient removal of pollutants.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2024)
Retraction
Engineering, Chemical
Chang Liu, Jinghong Liu, Liang Zhu, Shanfu Tang, Huixin Xiong
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Rui Gao, Caihong Liu, Andreia F. Faria, Qiang He, Chun Yang, Jun Ma
Summary: A novel copolymer architecture has been developed to address biofouling concerns in thin-film composite (TFC) membranes by integrating anti-fouling, bactericidal, and fouling-release functions. The multifunctional membrane demonstrates promising anti-adhesive properties, self-cleaning ability, and high flux recovery rate.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Alexander T. Bridge, Noah P. Wamble, Matthew S. Santoso, Joan F. Brennecke, Benny D. Freeman
Summary: This study demonstrates the reproducible preparation of high-flux defect-free asymmetric gas separation membranes using Cyrene(TM) as a majority dope formulation component. By adjusting the volume ratios of Cyrene(TM) and THF, as well as the concentrations of Matrimid(R) and the dry step time, optimal membrane performance is achieved.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Alessandra Imbrogno, Han Ya Lin, Babak Minofar, Andrea Iris Schaefer
Summary: In this study, a composite nanofiber membrane containing cross-linked beta-cyclodextrin-epichlorohydrin was prepared and evaluated for the removal of steroid hormones. The results showed that the membrane had high adsorption capacity and the ability to form a specific inclusion complex interaction with the hormones, indicating its potential application in hormone removal.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Bora Shin, Jaewon Shin, Yanuar Chandra Wirasembada, Ki Young Park, Jinwoo Cho
Summary: This study develops a mathematical model to estimate the initial flux of volatile fatty acids in the direct contact membrane distillation process. It identifies the parameters affecting the flux and their relationship with pH.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Yi-Jui Yeh, Jr Rong Liou, Wei Lin, Kuo-Lun Tung, Wei-Hung Chiang
Summary: This study demonstrates an effective plasma engineering method to create nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dot (NGQD)-inorganic nanocomposites for tunable molecular separation. The composite materials show high separation efficiency and controllable nanopore structures, making them potentially valuable for various applications.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Horacio Lopez-Marques, Kristofer L. Gleason, Manuel Aguilar-Vega, Rita Sulub-Sulub, J. Ehren Eichler, Hyeonji Oh, C. Buddie Mullins, Benny D. Freeman, Manish Kumar
Summary: In this study, water transport properties in Carbon Molecular Sieve (CMS) membranes were investigated. It was found that membranes synthesized at different pyrolysis temperatures exhibited varying water permeabilities. Compared to other polymeric materials, CMS membranes showed high water permeability, indicating potential for dehydration applications.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Dmitry A. Alentiev, Roman Yu. Nikiforov, Marina A. Rudakova, Danil P. Zarezin, Maxim A. Topchiy, Andrey F. Asachenko, Nikolay A. Belov, Maxim Bermeshev
Summary: A series of new norbornene-type monomers containing linear and branched substituents were synthesized, and robust thin membranes were prepared by vinyl-addition polymerization. Gas separation performance for the synthesized polymers was evaluated, and the structure of substituent side chains was found to significantly affect gas permeability and CO2 facilitated transport.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Lei Yan, Qi Zhang, Ze Zhang, Gui-Jie Li, Yi Jin, Xin-Lin Zhang, Yan-Yun Sun
Summary: In this study, a continuous, stable and fast ion transport channel was established through in-situ guided cross-linking of zinc alginate hydrogels on a porous membrane, overcoming the negative pore effect and effectively inhibiting the dendrite growth of zinc anodes and interfacial side reactions.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Yuqing Zhang, Ailing Zhang, Huiyang He, Yuting Fan, Yongjiang Li, Song Wang, Sanxi Li
Summary: The Langmuir-Blodgett self-assembly process is used to create an ordered SPEEK membrane, which enhances the proton conductivity by three times compared to conventional solution casting method.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Hasan Ismaeel, David Gibson, Eleonora Ricci, Maria Grazia De Angelis
Summary: In this study, a machine learning-based group contribution method (ML-GC) was developed to predict pure polymer parameters and successfully applied to predict gas solubility and gas solubility isotherms in glassy polymeric membranes. The model showed satisfactory performance on a small dataset, but has the potential to provide more accurate predictions for a wider range of polymers as more data becomes available.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Yi Ji, Yu Sun, Huilin Li, Qiang Fu, Yan Zhang
Summary: Previous studies have shown that vibration- or rotation-based techniques can effectively mitigate fouling during membrane filtration. However, it is difficult to incorporate these techniques with spiral wound modules (SWMs) widely used in water and wastewater treatment. This study developed a prototype membrane system to accommodate angular vibrations with a modified SWM, and experimental results showed that applying angular vibrations can effectively control algal fouling in an SWM with lower energy consumption compared to traditional methods.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Lakshmeesha Upadhayaya, Abaynesh Yihdego Gebreyohannes, Muhammad Wakil Shahzad, Usman T. Syed, Sandra L. Aristizabal, Radoslaw Gorecki, Suzana P. Nunes
Summary: Increasing temperatures worldwide pose a significant health risk, exacerbated by high humidity. Conventional air conditioners contribute heavily to carbon dioxide emissions, with dehumidification being a major factor. Membrane-based dehumidification system offers energy efficiency and non-toxic water vapor removal. This study demonstrates a membrane dehumidification system with polymeric hollow fibers coated with a green polyphenol coating, showing remarkable water vapor transport rate and selectivity. Long-term testing reveals minimal decline in vapor transport and a 4-5 times higher coefficient of performance (COP) compared to conventional dehumidifiers, making it a highly competitive, energy-saving device with reduced emissions and a smaller footprint.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Zhengzhong Zhou, Xue Zhu, Yi Yuan, Shaoqiang Wang, Xiaoshan Meng, Taoli Huhe, Qian Wang
Summary: In this study, lignin, a biomass material, was chemically modified and utilized in the interfacial polymerization process to improve the performance of nanofiltration membranes. The modified membranes showed enhanced hydrophilicity and anti-fouling properties, and the optimization of membrane pore size increased permeability. The study also demonstrated the potential application of the membranes in biogas slurry valorization.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2024)
