Article
Immunology
Wei Zhang, Eun-Koung An, Juyoung Hwang, Jun-O Jin
Summary: The study found that LPS can directly stimulate pDCs via the TLR4/MD2 pathway and promote the activation of pDCs and cDCs. cDCs may contribute to the enhancement of IFN-alpha production in pDCs.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Lianghui Zhan, Jingru Zheng, Jianbiao Meng, Danting Fu, Lisha Pang, Chunlian Ji
Summary: This study found that TLR4 deficiency can reduce inflammatory responses and apoptosis, improve intestinal damage, regulate intestinal flora, and alleviate LPS-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction.
BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY
(2022)
Article
Neurosciences
Fang Li, Haoran Ke, Siqi Wang, Wei Mao, Cexiong Fu, Xi Chen, Qingqing Fu, Xiaori Qin, Yonghua Huang, Bidan Li, Shibing Li, Jingying Xing, Minhui Wang, Wenlin Deng
Summary: Leaky gut could be a trigger for the development of autism by activating the lipopolysaccharide-mediated TLR4-MyD88-NF-kappa B pathway. Disrupting and repairing the intestinal barrier improved the behavior of autistic mice and reduced inflammation.
NEUROSCIENCE BULLETIN
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Lu Xiao, Junyan Yan, Di Feng, Shasha Ye, Ting Yang, Hua Wei, Tingyu Li, Wuqing Sun, Jie Chen
Summary: Maternal LPS exposure increases TNF alpha and IL-6 levels in both maternal serum and fetal brains of WT mice, resulting in reduced litter size and weight in offspring. Activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway following maternal LPS exposure induces abnormal microglia activation in WT offspring, leading to excessive synaptic pruning and decreased synaptic plasticity, which may contribute to the development of autism-like behavior in offspring.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Luke S. Uebelhoer, Agnes Gwela, Bonnie Thiel, Sophie Nalukwago, John Mukisa, Christopher Lwanga, Justine Getonto, Emily Nyatichi, Grace Dena, Alexander Makazi, Shalton Mwaringa, Ezekiel Mupere, James A. Berkley, Christina L. Lancioni, Childhood Acute Illness
Summary: Severely ill children in low- and middle-income countries experience high mortality rates from infectious diseases, and the risk of infection-related death is compounded by undernutrition. This study found that T cell function is impaired and innate immune responses are exaggerated in acutely ill children. Nutritional status is associated with the magnitude of cytokine responses. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of innate immune dysregulation in this population.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Bo Zhang, Wanghong Xiao, Geng Qin, Zelin Chen, Lihua Qiu, Xin Wang, Qiang Lin
Summary: Male pregnancy is an evolutionary innovation in syngnathids, and the immune resistance of the father to the fetus is a challenge. Comparative genomic analysis showed that these species lost three essential immune protection genes but compensated for it with altered antigen recognition genes. TLR genes were highly expressed in the placenta inside the seahorse brood pouch and responded to specific pathogenic antigens, suggesting their important role in male pregnancy.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Ioanna Tsioti, Beatrice L. Steiner, Pascal Escher, Martin S. Zinkernagel, Peter M. Benz, Despina Kokona
Summary: Clustering of microglia around the vasculature was observed after systemic administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the retina and brain of mice. This study investigated the effect of systemic LPS in the pigmented mouse retina and the involvement of endothelial TLR4 in LPS-induced retinal microglia activation. The results showed that activation of microglia, infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages, impaired ribbon synapse organization, and retinal dysfunction were observed after LPS exposure, and these effects were dependent on endothelial TLR4.
JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh, Michinori Kohara, Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
Summary: This review discusses the importance of TLR responses in HCV infection and the mechanisms adopted by HCV to avoid immune surveillance mediated by TLRs.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ruonan Zhang, Xiaofeng Li, Jie Zhang, Yanjun Li, Yuan Wang, Yuhang Song, Feifei Ren, Huiyu Yi, Xiaojuan Deng, Yangjin Zhong, Yang Cao, Michael R. Strand, Xiao-Qiang Yu, Wanying Yang
Summary: Toll/Toll-like receptors play different roles in mammals and insects, with insects primarily activating the Toll pathway through binding Spatzle cytokines rather than directly recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Stefanie Scheid, Adrien Lejarre, Jakob Wollborn, Hartmut Buerkle, Ulrich Goebel, Felix Ulbrich
Summary: Argon preconditioning protects neuronal cells from cell death by reducing apoptosis, decreasing the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), enhancing phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and suppressing NF-kappa B and Akt expression. It also inhibits the expression of caspase-3, Bcl-2, interleukin-8, and heat shock proteins. Argon preconditioning may be a promising therapeutic alternative for conditions like stroke.
NEURAL REGENERATION RESEARCH
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Mengyuan Kou, Liying Wang
Summary: This review focuses on Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), an important intracellular pattern recognition receptor in the immune system. TLR9 can recognize CpG DNA in endosomes, but it can also be expressed on the membrane surface of certain immune and non-immune cells, where it plays an immunomodulatory role. This review provides a theoretical reference for the application of TLR9 modulators.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Jiaxuan Wu, Qiongao Zhang, Leying Zhang, Pengfei Feng, Meihong Gao, Zhenyang Zhao, Ling Yang
Summary: The study found that early pregnancy can lead to upregulation of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TRAF6, and MyD88 mRNA and protein levels in maternal lymph nodes, while downregulating TLR5, TLR9, and IRAK1. This suggests that early pregnancy may influence maternal immune responses by altering TLR signaling in sheep.
ANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Jiqin Huang, Jianlu Zhang, Kunyang Zhang, Cheng Fang, Wanchun Li, Qijun Wang
Summary: Toll-like receptor 3 (SpTLR3) gene was cloned and identified in Schizothorax prenanti. The tissue distribution of SpTLR3 and the mRNA expression levels of SpMyD88 and seven other TLR genes were analyzed after lipopolysaccharide challenge. The results indicate that these genes are involved in the immune response stimulated by LPS and their expression levels vary in different organs.
Article
Microbiology
Alla Splichalova, Zdislava Kindlova, Jiri Killer, Vera Neuzil Bunesova, Eva Vlkova, Barbora Valaskova, Radko Pechar, Katerina Polakova, Igor Splichal
Summary: In this study, the host-pathogen interactions were investigated using the GN animal model. The results showed that previous association with RP37 alleviated intestinal damage caused by Salmonella infection, and RP37 and LA downregulated the inflammatory response.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Hai-Yun Guan, He-Xia Xia, Xiu-Ying Chen, Lu Wang, Zhi-Jing Tang, Wei Zhang
Summary: The activation of TLR4 was found to suppress CYP19A1 expression and E2 secretion in human granulosa cells via NF-κB signaling, which has implications for follicular development and estrogen synthesis regulation.
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2021)
