Journal
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY
Volume 21, Issue 24, Pages 8715-8720Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c1jm00045d
Keywords
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Funding
- National Science Council (NSC) of Taiwan [NSC 99-2221-E-006-195]
- Asian office of Aerospace Research and Development (AOARD) [AOARD 10-4054]
- NCKU [HUA97-3-3-274, HUA98-12-3-140]
- NSC [99-2811-E-006-081]
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Tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB), a general kind of quaternary ammonium salt, was spin-coated onto the surface of a green-emissive poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene) derivative (G-PF) to fabricate cathode-independent polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs). The electroluminescence efficiencies were 15.4, 11.4, and 9.1 cd A(-1) for TOAB with Al, Ag, and Au as the cathode, respectively, which are better than that of the device with Ca/Al as the cathode (6.1 cd A(-1)). The molecular nanomorphologies of TOAB deposited on G-PF were investigated using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Results show that TOAB molecules nucleated on the hydrophobic G-PF surface and self-assembled into a highly ordered lamellar structure during the spin-coating process. This unique structure produces suitable molecular dipoles between N(+) and Br(-), significantly improving the electron-injection ability from stable metals to G-PF. The direction of the molecular dipole between N(+) and Br(-) can be reversed by using a hydrophilic ZnO for producing an efficient electron injection layer in an inverted device. The self-assembled molecules of TOAB create an anisotropic dipole on hydrophilic or hydrophobic surfaces, making them a potentially efficient electron-injection layer.
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