Using high sampling-rate ADCP for observing vigorous processes above sloping [deep] ocean bottoms

Above sloping bottoms in the ocean mixing processes are not predominantly generated by shear-induced turbulence via bottom friction. Instead, the restratifying buoyancy forces and internal waves create a highly non-linearly varying environment including 'stratified turbulence'. Most of the resulting vigorous mixing processes that dominate sediment resuspension occur during the passage of frontal bores or solitary boluses, 'solibores'. Here, the observed evolution of different forms of highly non-linear strictly upslope moving 'waves', bores or boluses are reviewed from various NIOZ projects at deep sloping bottom sites ranging from 500 to 3000 m. Such fronts pass a fixed site within a few minutes, extending some 60 +/- 30 m above the bottom and occurring over much larger periods at once per subinertial or meso-scale period or approximately, but not exactly, once per tidal harmonic period. In order to observe the details of such solibore one needs specific, high-sampling rate equipment. A suitable piece of equipment is a bottom-mounted 4-beam 300 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), provided it samples at a rate of about once per second over a period of at least several weeks. Not just the three components of current velocity [u,v,w] are monitored over a range of some 80 m at 1 m intervals, but also the relative 'echo intensity' dl, which is a measure for suspended matter and stratified turbulence. Such ADCP-observations are combined and compared with high-resolution temperature measurements. Fine details show a turbulent inner core with more or less laminar streamlines outside it. Whether a front or a bolus, the bore is never observed as a completely closed contour, as swept up turbulent material is sucked into the core at the rear end. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.