☆ 4.5 Meeting Abstract

RELATIONSHIP OF URIC ACID LEVELS WITH MEASURES OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS IN URBANISED AFRICAN MEN AND WOMEN

JOURNAL OF HYPERTENSION (2010)

Journal

JOURNAL OF HYPERTENSION

Volume 28, Issue -, Pages E136-E136

Publisher

LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS

DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000378613.04451.d5

Keywords

-

Categories

Peripheral Vascular Disease

Ask authors/readers for more resources

Protocol

Community support

Reagent

Community support

Authors

I am an author on this paper

Click your name to claim this paper and add it to your profile.

Reviews

Primary Rating

4.5

Not enough ratings

Secondary Ratings

Novelty

-

Significance

-

Scientific rigor

-

Rate this paper

Recommended

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Aging, Cardiovascular Risk, and SHBG Levels in Men and Women From the General Population

Elif Aribas, Maryam Kavousi, Joop S. E. Laven, M. Arfan Ikram, Jeanine E. Roeters van Lennep

Summary: A clear sex-specific pattern for SHBG levels with age was observed, with men showing a linear increase and women exhibiting a U-shaped pattern. Participants with more cardiovascular risk factors had lower SHBG levels. When stratified by age, older participants had higher SHBG levels. Multivariate models including specific factors explained a significant portion of the variance in SHBG levels. It is important to consider age-related changes in SHBG levels to avoid controversial results in assessing cardiovascular risk associated with SHBG.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate and Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Men and Women-A J-shaped Relationship

Trasias Mukama, Theron Johnson, Verena Katzke, Rudolf Kaaks

Summary: In this large population-based study, a J-shaped association was observed between dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and mortality. Both low and high levels of DHEAS were associated with higher risks of mortality from cancer, cardiovascular disease, and all causes.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Their Relationship with Vascular Dysfunction in South African Children of African Ancestry

Edna N. Matjuda, Godwill A. Engwa, Samuel Nkeh Chungag Anye, Benedicta N. Nkeh-Chungag, Nandu Goswami

Summary: In South African children of African ancestry, vascular dysfunction is associated with obesity, high blood pressure, oxidative stress, and microalbuminuria.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Type 2 diabetes is more predictable in women than men by multiple anthropometric and biochemical measures

Tangying Li, Huibiao Quan, Huachuan Zhang, Leweihua Lin, Lu Lin, Qianying Ou, Kaining Chen

Summary: The study found that through common anthropometric and biochemical parameters, type 2 diabetes is more readily predicted in women than in men, especially in terms of blood glucose and HbA1c levels.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Uric Acid Levels, Number of Standard Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Prognosis in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Large Cohort Study in Asia

Kongyong Cui, Yanjun Song, Dong Yin, Weihua Song, Hongjian Wang, Chenggang Zhu, Lei Feng, Rui Fu, Lei Jia, Ye Lu, Dong Zhang, Chenxi Song, Yuejin Yang, Qiuting Dong, Kefei Dou

Summary: This study evaluated the prognostic effect of serum uric acid (UA) levels in individuals with different numbers of standard modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (SMuRFs) among patients with coronary artery disease. The results showed that elevated UA levels might affect the prognosis of individuals with 0 to 1 SMuRFs, but not that of individuals with 2 or more SMuRFs.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION (2023)

Add to Collection

Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Gout and hyperuricaemia: modifiable cardiovascular risk factors?

Michel Burnier

Summary: Gout and hyperuricaemia are associated with increased cardiovascular risk, as well as metabolic and renal complications. They are commonly found in clinical situations with high cardiovascular risk, but recent studies suggest that hyperuricaemia may independently promote cardiovascular complications. The treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricaemia is still debated, although there is evidence suggesting its potential benefits in reducing cardiovascular risk. This review also discusses new treatments, such as febuxostat or SGLT2 inhibitors, which can lower uric acid levels and reduce the risk of cardio-renal events.

FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk and small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in men, women, African Americans and non-African Americans: The pooling project

Ernst J. Schaefer, Hiroaki Ikezaki, Margaret R. Diffenderfer, Elise Lim, Ching -Ti Liu, Ron C. Hoogeveen, Weihua Guan, Michael Y. Tsai, Christie M. Ballantyne

Summary: The study aimed to determine whether direct and calculated sdLDL-C were significant independent ASCVD risk factors in sex and race subgroups. The results showed that both direct and calculated sdLDL-C were significantly associated with ASCVD, but the association was stronger for direct sdLDL-C and not significant for calculated values once direct values were included in the model. Direct sdLDL-C had a significant independent association with incident ASCVD in all subgroups except African Americans.

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

U-shaped relationship between apolipoprotein A1 levels and mortality risk in men and women

Christian C. Faaborg-Andersen, Chang Liu, Veerappan Subramaniyam, Shivang R. Desai, Yan Sun, Peter W. F. Wilson, Laurence S. Sperling, Arshed A. Quyyumi

Summary: The study found that both very low and very high levels of ApoA1 are associated with higher cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Peripheral Vascular Disease

Risk Factors for Hyperuricemia or Gout in Men and Women: The Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS)

Saki Teramura, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Mitsumasa Umesawa, Mina Hayama-Terada, Isao Muraki, Koutatsu Maruyama, Mari Tanaka, Rie Kishida, Tomomi Kihara, Midori Takada, Tetsuya Ohira, Hironori Imano, Yuji Shimizu, Tomoko Sankai, Takeo Okada, Akihiko Kitamura, Masahiko Kiyama, Hiroyasu Iso

Summary: The objective of this study was to examine sex-specific risk factors for hyperuricemia or gout in Japanese cohorts. The results showed that alcohol drinking and hypertension are risk factors for hyperuricemia or gout among men, while smoking is a risk factor among women.

JOURNAL OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND THROMBOSIS (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Cell Biology

Relationship between dietary factors and S-Klotho plasma levels in young sedentary healthy adults

Lucas Jurado-Fasoli, Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete, Maria J. Arias-Tellez, Angel Gil, Idoia Labayen, Jonatan R. Ruiz

Summary: The study found a direct association between ethanol intake and S-Klotho plasma levels in women, and an inverse association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and S-Klotho plasma levels. Body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors did not mediate the relationship between dietary factors and S-Klotho plasma levels.

MECHANISMS OF AGEING AND DEVELOPMENT (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Assessment of the relationship between serum xanthine oxidase levels and type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

Mahmudul Hasan, Khandaker Atkia Fariha, Zitu Barman, Ananya Dutta Mou, Rakib Miah, Ahsan Habib, Humaira Rashid Tuba, Nurshad Ali

Summary: This study found a positive and independent association between XO levels and T2D in Bangladeshi adults. Monitoring serum XO levels may be useful in reducing the risk of T2D.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Association Between Serum Uric Acid Levels and Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Xiamen Residents of China: A Real-World Study

Peng Zhang, Linjian Chen, Zhaokai Li, Wei Ni, Lin Wang, Wanchun Mei, Guoqiang Ruan, Zaixing Shi, Cuilian Dai

Summary: Serum uric acid is associated with cardiovascular risk factors among Xiamen residents, and participants with hyperuricemia have a higher risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Uric acid-lowering therapy may provide cardiovascular benefits for individuals with hyperuricemia.

FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

Balance and Strength Measures are Associated With Mortality in Older Men

Jack Paterson, Michelle Trevenen, Keith Hill, Osvaldo P. Almeida, Bu B. Yeap, Jonathan Golledge, Graeme J. Hankey, Leon Flicker

Summary: This study found that poorer balance and strength performance are associated with future all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and balance is equal to strength as a modifiable risk factor for cause-specific mortality.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL DIRECTORS ASSOCIATION (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Prevalence of preeclampsia and the associated risk factors among pregnant women in Bangladesh

Ananya Dutta Mou, Zitu Barman, Mahmudul Hasan, Rakib Miah, Jaasia Momtahena Hafsa, Aporajita Das Trisha, Nurshad Ali

Summary: The prevalence of preeclampsia among pregnant women in Bangladesh is relatively high, with the use of antihypertensive medication and lack of prenatal care being potential risk factors. Programmatic interventions such as medication for hypertension, antenatal visits to doctors, and delivery and postnatal care services should be considered to reduce and prevent hypertensive pregnancy disorders in Bangladesh.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Uric Acid and Oxidative Stress-Relationship with Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Renal Impairment

Mihai-Emil Gherghina, Ileana Peride, Mirela Tiglis, Tiberiu Paul Neagu, Andrei Niculae, Ionel Alexandru Checherita

Summary: The connection between uric acid and renal impairment has been well studied. Recently, a new hypothesis suggests that uric acid may lead to a pro-inflammatory status, endothelial dysfunction, and excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Hyperuricemia associated with oxidative stress is also linked to DNA damage, oxidations, inflammatory cytokine production, and cell apoptosis. Increasing evidence shows the association of hyperuricemia with chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome or diabetes.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Peripheral Vascular Disease

Early evidence for the effectiveness of South Africa's legislation on salt restriction in foods: the African-PREDICT study

Michel Strauss-Kruger, Edelweiss Wentzel-Viljoen, Lisa J. Ware, Tertia Van Zyl, Karen Charlton, Suria Ellis, Aletta E. Schutte

Summary: South Africa was one of the first countries to adopt mandatory regulation to lower salt content in processed foods. The regulation has been effective in reducing salt intake in young adults by approximately 1.2 g/day. Men, black adults, and participants from low or middle socio-economic status groups showed the greatest reductions in salt intake.

JOURNAL OF HUMAN HYPERTENSION (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Peripheral Vascular Disease

Perceptions of pharmacists on the quality of automated blood pressure devices: a national survey

Dean S. Picone, Gregory M. Peterson, Shane L. Jackson, Norm R. C. Campbell, Christian Delles, Michael Hecht Olsen, Raj Padwal, Aletta E. Schutte, James E. Sharman

Summary: A recent study revealed that less than one-quarter of BP devices sold by Australian pharmacies were validated for accuracy. Most pharmacists were unaware of this and further education and advocacy are needed to ensure validated BP devices are sold in Australia.

JOURNAL OF HUMAN HYPERTENSION (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Peripheral Vascular Disease

Stressful life events, neighbourhood characteristics, and systolic blood pressure in South Africa

Trust Gangaidzo, Marisa von Fintel, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, Ronelle Burger

Summary: This study examines the relationship between negative events, neighbourhood characteristics, and systolic blood pressure. The findings suggest that in a country with social and economic challenges, grief and negative financial events are associated with higher blood pressure.

JOURNAL OF HUMAN HYPERTENSION (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Medicine, General & Internal

International Consensus on Standardized Clinic Blood Pressure Measurement-A Call to Action

Alfred K. Cheung, Paul K. Whelton, Paul Muntner, Aletta E. Schutte, Andrew E. Moran, Bryan Williams, Pantelis Sarafidis, Tara I. Chang, Stella S. Daskalopoulou, John M. Flack, Garry Jennings, Stephen P. Juraschek, Reinhold Kreutz, Giuseppe Mancia, Shawna Nesbitt, Pedro Ordunez, Raj Padwal, Alexandre Persu, Doreen Rabi, Markus P. Schlaich, George S. Stergiou, Sheldon W. Tobe, Maciej Tomaszewski, Kim A. Williams Sr, Johannes F. E. Mann

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2023)

Add to Collection

Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Glial cell activity in cardiovascular diseases and risk of acute myocardial infarction

Nina Truter, Leone Malan, M. Faadiel Essop

Summary: Growing evidence suggests that the link between the brain and heart plays a significant role in cardiovascular diseases, particularly acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Astrocytes, abundant glial cells in the central nervous system, and peripheral glial cells are becoming recognized as key regulators in the brain-heart axis during AMI, influencing sympathetic nervous system activity. This review aims to enhance the understanding of glial cell activity and its impact on AMI risk, including factors like autonomic nervous system dysfunction, glial-neurotrophic and ischemic risk markers. Considering glial cell activity and related factors in brain-heart disorders could provide insights into the pathological role of glial dysfunction in AMI development. Perturbations in glial cell activity and contributing factors, especially sympathetic activity, were observed, along with emerging AMI risk factors such as sympathovagal imbalance, low GDNF levels, hypertension, and increased ischemia. The study emphasizes the importance of studying brain-heart axis pathologies and exploring novel therapies for AMI through biomarkers.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Peripheral Vascular Disease

A urinary peptidomics approach for early stages of cardiovascular disease risk: The African-PREDICT study

Dalene de Beer, Catharina M. C. Mels, Aletta E. E. Schutte, Christian Delles, Sheon Mary, William Mullen, Harald Mischak, Ruan Kruger

Summary: This study evaluated the association between inflammation and carotid artery plaque (CAP) in a population with normal body weight and metabolically healthy status. The results showed that the serum level of hs-CRP was associated with the risk of CAP, even in individuals with a normal body weight and metabolically healthy status.

HYPERTENSION RESEARCH (2023)

Add to Collection

Review Peripheral Vascular Disease

The urgency to regulate validation of automated blood pressure measuring devices: a policy statement and call to action from the world hypertension league

James E. Sharman, Pedro Ordunez, Tammy Brady, Gianfranco Parati, George Stergiou, Paul K. Whelton, Raj Padwal, Michael Hecht Olsen, Christian Delles, Aletta E. Schutte, Maciej Tomaszewski, Daniel T. Lackland, Nadia Khan, Richard J. McManus, Ross T. Tsuyuki, Xin-Hua Zhang, Lisa D. Murphy, Andrew E. Moran, Markus P. Schlaich, Norm R. C. Campbell

JOURNAL OF HUMAN HYPERTENSION (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Peripheral Vascular Disease

Requirements for design and function of blood pressure measuring devices used for the management of hypertension: Consensus Statement by the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability and STRIDE BP

George S. Stergiou, Gianfranco Parati, Anastasios Kollias, Aletta E. Schutte, Kei Asayama, Roland Asmar, Grzegorz Bilo, Alejandro de la Sierra, Eamon Dolan, Jan Filipovsky, Geoffrey Head, Kazuomi Kario, Konstantinos G. Kyriakoulis, Giuseppe Mancia, Efstathios Manios, Ariadni Menti, Richard J. McManus, Anastasia S. Mihailidou, Paul Muntner, Teemu Niiranen, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Stefano Omboni, Athanasios Protogerou, Francesca Saladini, James Sharman, Andrew Shennan, Daichi Shimbo, Jirar Topouchian, Jiguang Wang, Eoin O'Brien, Paolo Palatini

Summary: The study aims to develop scientific consensus recommendations for the optimal design and functions of different types of blood pressure measuring devices used in clinical practice. International consensus was reached on the requirements for the design and features of five types of blood pressure monitors.

JOURNAL OF HYPERTENSION (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Using urinary metabolomics to identify metabolic pathways linked to cardiac structural alterations in young adults: The African-PREDICT study

Wessel L. du Toit, Ruan Kruger, Lebo F. Gafane-Matemane, Aletta E. Schutte, Roan Louw, Catharina M. C. Mels

Summary: Metabolic alterations in young adults with cardiovascular disease risk factors are associated with myocardial structural changes, including shifts in energy metabolism and oxidative stress. These findings highlight the importance of early interventions to address lifestyle and behavioral risk factors.

NUTRITION METABOLISM AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Urinary Peptidomics and Pulse Wave Velocity: The African-PREDICT Study

Dalene de Beer, Catharina M. C. Mels, Aletta E. Schutte, Christian Delles, Sheon Mary, William Mullen, Harald Mischak, Ruan Kruger

Summary: Increased arterial stiffness is associated with early vascular aging, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. This study found that pulse wave velocity is positively correlated with collagen-derived peptides and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor peptides in urine, suggesting that dysregulation of collagen type I and immunoglobulin receptors may play a role in the early onset of increased arterial stiffness.

JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Global Effect of Modifiable Risk Factors on Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality

Christina Magnussen, Francisco M. Ojeda, Darryl P. Leong, Jesus Alegre-Diaz, Philippe Amouyel, Larissa Aviles-Santa, Dirk De Bacquer, Christie M. Ballantyne, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, Martin Bobak, Hermann Brenner, Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco, James de Lemos, Annette Dobson, Marcus Dorr, Chiara Donfrancesco, Wojciech Drygas, Robin P. Dullaart, Gunnar Engstrom, Marco M. Ferrario, Jean Ferrieres, Giovanni de Gaetano, Uri Goldbourt, Clicerio Gonzalez, Guido Grassi, Allison M. Hodge, Kristian Hveem, Licia Iacoviello, M. Kamran Ikram, Vilma Irazola, Modou Jobe, Pekka Jousilahti, Pontiano Kaleebu, Maryam Kavousi, Frank Kee, Davood Khalili, Wolfgang Koenig, Anna Kontsevaya, Kari Kuulasmaa, Karl J. Lackner, David M. Leistner, Lars Lind, Allan Linneberg, Thiess Lorenz, Magnus Nakrem Lyngbakken, Reza Malekzadeh, Sofia Malyutina, Ellisiv B. Mathiesen, Olle Melander, Andres Metspalu, J. Jaime Miranda, Marie Moitry, Joseph Mugisha, Mahdi Nalini, Vijay Nambi, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Karen Oppermann, Eleonora d'Orsi, Andrzej Pajak, Luigi Palmieri, Demosthenes Panagiotakos, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Annette Peters, Hossein Poustchi, Andrew M. Prentice, Eva Prescott, Ulf Riserus, Veikko Salomaa, Susana Sans, Satoko Sakata, Ben Schottker, Aletta E. Schutte, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Sanjib Kumar Sharma, Jonathan E. Shaw, Leon A. Simons, Stefan Soderberg, Abdonas Tamosiunas, Barbara Thorand, Hugh Tunstall-Pedoe, Raphael Twerenbold, Diego Vanuzzo, Giovanni Veronesi, Julia Waibel, S. Goya Wannamethee, Masafumi Watanabe, Philipp S. Wild, Yao Yao, Yi Zeng, Andreas Ziegler, Stefan Blankenberg

Summary: This study provides evidence that five modifiable risk factors are associated with cardiovascular disease and death, and their prevalence varies by geographic region and sex.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Behavioral Sciences

The chronic stress risk phenotype mirrored in the human retina as a neurodegenerative condition

Leone Malan, Roelof van Wyk, Roland von Kanel, Tjalf Ziemssen, Walthard Vilser, Peter M. Nilsson, Martin Magnusson, Amra Jujic, Daniel W. Mak, Faans Steyn, Nico T. Malan

Summary: The brain is the key organ that orchestrates the stress response which translates to the retina. The retina is an extension of the brain and retinal symptoms in subjects with neurodegenerative diseases substantiated the eye as a window to the brain. The retina is used in this study to determine whether chronic stress reflects neurodegenerative signs indicative of neurodegenerative conditions.

STRESS-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON THE BIOLOGY OF STRESS (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Peripheral Vascular Disease

Wisdom of the Crowd: insights gained from comparing predicted and observed effects of blood pressure lowering strategies

Sonali R. Gnanenthiran, Vivekanand Jha, Abdul Salam, Emily Atkins, Clara K. Chow, Mark R. Nelson, Mike Rakotz, Markus P. Schlaich, Aletta E. Schutte, Tim Usherwood, Anthony Rodgers

Summary: In this study, we assessed whether pooled cardiovascular expertise could accurately predict the efficacy and tolerability of both a novel and an established treatment option. A survey was conducted to collect predictions of blood pressure at 12 weeks and 52 weeks for participants in a trial called QUARTET, which involved two different treatment groups.

JOURNAL OF HUMAN HYPERTENSION (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Markers of arterial stiffness and urinary metabolomics in young adults with early cardiovascular risk: the African-PREDICT study

Wessel L. du Toit, Ruan Kruger, Lebo F. Gafane-Matemane, Aletta E. Schutte, Roan Louw, Catharina M. C. Mels

Summary: This study investigates the early metabolic alterations and their association with markers of arterial stiffness in young adults with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Urinary metabolites were analyzed in individuals with and without CVD risk factors, and markers of arterial stiffness were measured. The results suggest that metabolic adaptations may occur in response to increased CVD risk to maintain cardiovascular integrity.

METABOLOMICS (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Peripheral Vascular Disease

Improving the accuracy of blood pressure measuring devices in Australia: a modelled return on investment study

Zachary Desson, James E. Sharman, Andrew Searles, Aletta E. Schutte, Christian Delles, Michael Hecht Olsen, Pedro Ordunez, Alexis Hure, Rachael Morton, Gemma Figtree, Jacqui Webster, Garry Jennings, Julie Redfern, Stephen J. Nicholls, Martin McNamara, Simon Deeming, Kerry Doyle, Shanthi Ramanathan

Summary: The VALID BP project aims to increase the availability of validated blood pressure measuring devices, eliminate inaccurate readings that lead to over and underdiagnosis of hypertension. Economic analysis suggests that improving the availability of validated devices will bring positive economic benefits.

JOURNAL OF HUMAN HYPERTENSION (2023)

Add to Collection

No Data Available

© Peeref 2019-2024. All rights reserved.