Kinetics of zero-valent iron reductive transformation of the anthraquinone dye Reactive Blue 4

The effect of operational conditions and initial dye concentration on the reductive transformation (decolorization) of the textile dye Reactive Blue 4 (RB4) using zero-valent iron (ZVI) filings was evaluated in batch assays. The decolorization rate increased with decreasing pH and increasing temperature, mixing intensity, and addition of salt (100 g L-1 NaCl) and base (3 g L-1 Na2CO3 and 1 g L-1 NaOH), conditions typical of textile reactive dyebaths, ZVI RB4 decolorization kinetics at a single initial dye concentration were evaluated using a pseudo first-order model. Under dyebath conditions and at an initial RB4 concentration of 1000 mg L-1, the pseudo first-order rate constant (k(obs)) was 0.029 +/- 0.006 h(-1), corresponding to a half-life of 24.2 h and a ZVI surface area-normalized rate constant (k(SA)) of 2.9 x 10(-4) L m(-2) h(-1). However, as the initial dye concentration increased, the k(obs) decreased, suggesting saturation of ZVI surface reactive sites. Non-linear regression of initial decolorization rate values as a function of initial dye concentration, based on a reactive sites saturation model, resulted in a maximum decolorization rate (V-m) of 720 +/- 88 mg L-1 h(-1) and a half-saturation constant (K) of 1299 +/- 273 mg L-1. Decolorization of RB4 via a reductive transformation, which was essentially irreversible (2-5% re-oxidation), is believed to be the dominant decolorization mechanism. However, some degree of RB4 irreversible sorption cannot be completely discounted. The results of this study show that ZVI treatment is a promising technology for the decolorization of commercial, anthraquinone-bearing, spent reactive dyebaths. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.