Electrical conductivity beneath the Bolivian Orocline and its relation to subduction processes at the South American continental margin

A long-period magnetotelluric data set was obtained during 2002 and 2004 in the central Andes to study the deep electrical conductivity structure in the region of the Bolivian Orocline between latitudes 17 degrees S and 19 degrees S. The profile extends from the Coastal Cordillera in northernmost Chile, crosses the volcanic arc and the Altiplano high plateau in central Bolivia, and ends in the Eastern Cordillera. Two-dimensional inversion revealed several well-defined conductivity anomalies: in upper crustal levels the conductive sedimentary basins of the central Altiplano and the resistive Arequipa block beneath the western Altiplano are imaged. Earlier seismological and magnetotelluric investigations on the southern Altiplano inferred a large, highly conductive (partially molten) body in the mid to deep crust. It was assumed that this structure would be underlying the entire plateau, but this is not the case according to the new models. Instead, the most prominent feature in the new investigation area is a high-conductivity zone at upper mantle depths below the high plateau, which may be interpreted as an image of partial melts and fluids triggered by water supply from the subducting Nazca slab. This conductor would be in accordance with the standard subduction scenario; it is, however, laterally offset by almost 100 km from the volcanic arc. In contrast, the deep crust and upper mantle beneath the arc is moderately resistive. Both observations may hint at an emerging shift of the magmatic/fluid system in the central Andes.