Journal
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES
Volume 49, Issue 2, Pages 69-78Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.844600
Keywords
Metalaxyl; soil; extracellular soil enzymes; non-extractable residues; metabolism
Funding
- German Research Foundation (DFG) [SPP1315]
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Extracellular, oxidative soil enzymes like monophenol oxidases and peroxidases play an important role in transformation of xenobiotics and the formation of organic matter in soil. Additionally, these enzymes may be involved in the formation of non-extractable residues (NERs) of xenobiotics during humification processes. To examine this correlation, the fate of the fungicide C-14 metalaxyl in soil samples from Ultuna (Sweden) was studied. Using different soil sterilization techniques, it was possible to differentiate between free, immobilized, and abiotic (pseudoenzyme-like) oxidative activities. A correlation between the formation of metalaxyl NER and soil organic matter content, biotic activities, as well as extracellular phenoloxidase and peroxidase activities in the bulk soil and its particle size fractions was determined. Extracellular soil-bound enzymes were involved in NER formation (up to 8% of applied radioactivity after 92days) of the fungicide independently from the presence of living microbes and different distributions of the NER in the soil humic subfractions.
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