Journal
JOURNAL OF DISPERSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Volume 35, Issue 8, Pages 1060-1085Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2013.833105
Keywords
Paraffin wax; pipeline restart; pipeline shut-in; pressure wave propagation; rheology
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Funding
- Statoil ASA
- Petroleo Brasileiro S.A.
- Petroliam Nasional Berhad
- Nalco Champion
- BASF SE
- Research Council of Norway
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A conservative analytical method is presented to provide reliable predictions for waxy oil pipeline shut-in and restart. A comprehensive bench-top characterization regimen establishes in situ gel properties, utilizing thermodynamic modeling, differential scanning calorimetry, and rheometry to forecast the wax-gel mechanical response. For flow commencement modeling, pressure wave propagation simulators have recently emerged with correct predictions for the acoustic, viscous, and gel degradation regimes. Scaling analysis shows that the viscous wave is determinative for achieving timely restart in long pipelines. The informed rheology serves as a useful input to simulate restart flows. For gelation and shut-in flow predictions, a heuristic approach is currently recommended.
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