Physical Mechanisms Linking the Winter Pacific-North American Teleconnection Pattern to Spring North American Snow Depth

The wintertime Pacific-North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern has previously been shown to influence springtime snow conditions over portions of North America. This paper develops a more complete physical understanding of this linkage across the continent, using a recently released long-term, continental-scale gridded North American snow depth dataset and the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis data. An empirical orthogonal function-based filtering process is used to identify and isolate the interannual snow depth variations associated with PNA. Then linear and partial correlations are employed to investigate the physical mechanisms that link winter PNA with spring snow depth. In the positive phase of PNA, the enhanced PNA pressure centers lead to warmer temperatures over northwestern North America and less precipitation at midlatitudes. The temperature and precipitation pathways act independently and in distinct geographical regions, and together they serve to reduce winter snow depth across much of North America. Winter anomalies in the snow depth field then tend to persist into spring. Dynamic mechanisms responsible for the PNA-influenced North American precipitation and temperature anomalies, involving moisture transport and cold air intrusions, are confirmed in this study and also extended to continental snow depth anomalies.