Charge Requirements for Proton Gradient-driven Translocation of Anthrax Toxin

Anthrax lethal toxin is used as a model system to study protein translocation. The toxin is composed of a translocase channel, called protective antigen (PA), and an enzyme, called lethal factor (LF). A proton gradient (Delta pH) can drive LF unfolding and translocation through PA channels; however, the mechanism of Delta pH-mediated force generation, substrate unfolding, and establishment of directionality are poorly understood. One recent hypothesis suggests that the Delta pH may act through changes in the protonation state of residues in the substrate. Here we report the charge requirements of LF's amino-terminal binding domain (LFN) using planar lipid bilayer electrophysiology. We found that acidic residues are required in LFN to utilize a proton gradient for translocation. Constructs lacking negative charges in the unstructured presequence of LFN translocate independently of the Delta pH driving force. Acidic residues markedly increase the rate of Delta pH-driven translocation, and the presequence is optimized in its natural acidic residue content for efficient Delta pH-driven unfolding and translocation. We discuss a Delta pH-driven charge state Brownian ratchet mechanism for translocation, where glutamic and aspartic acid residues in the substrate are the molecular teeth of the ratchet. Our Brownian ratchet model includes a mechanism for unfolding and a novel role for positive charges, which we propose chaperone negative charges through the PA channel during Delta pH translocation.