Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Seong Rae Kim, Gyeongsil Lee, Seulggie Choi, Yun Hwan Oh, Joung Sik Son, Minseon Park, Sang Min Park
Summary: This study found that increased predicted muscle mass or decreased predicted fat mass were associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in young adults. Conversely, decreased predicted muscle mass or increased predicted fat mass were associated with an elevated risk of CVD.
JOURNAL OF CACHEXIA SARCOPENIA AND MUSCLE
(2022)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Ryoko Kawakami, Motohiko Miyachi, Kumpei Tanisawa, Tomoko Ito, Chiyoko Usui, Taishi Midorikawa, Suguru Torii, Kaori Ishii, Katsuhiko Suzuki, Shizuo Sakamoto, Mitsuru Higuchi, Isao Muraoka, Koichiro Oka
Summary: The study developed a more accurate anthropometric equation to predict appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) compared to equations using calf circumference as the sole variable and previously reported equations. The equation showed smaller total error and higher intraclass correlation coefficient values in both men and women.
CLINICAL NUTRITION
(2021)
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Hyeoijin Kim, Keon-Hyoung Song, Jatin P. Ambegaonkar, Sochung Chung, Kwonchan Jeon, Fang Lin Jiang, Jin Jong Eom, Chul-Hyun Kim
Summary: This study aimed to validate a muscle-specific frequency BIA equation for estimating appendicular lean mass (ALM) using multifrequency BIA with DXA as the reference. The results showed that the equation had high predictive accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and agreement for both individual and group measurements, and could be used for the diagnosis of sarcopenia in clinical settings.
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Thiago G. Barbosa-Silva, Maria Cristina Gonzalez, Renata M. Bielemann, Leonardo P. Santos, Caroline dos S. Costa, Ana Maria B. Menezes
Summary: The study developed new appendicular lean mass prediction models based on ultrasound and anthropometric measurements, showing accurate estimation of muscle mass.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jinyu Zhou, Ling Bai, Lingling Tong, Leina Jia, Wenqing Ding
Summary: This study aimed to explore the association between triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and appendicular lean mass (ALM) in Chinese adolescents. The results showed a negative correlation between TyG index and ALM/weight, especially in boys.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Jantine van den Helder, Amely M. Verreijen, Carliene van Dronkelaar, Robert G. Memelink, Marielle F. Engberink, Raoul H. H. Engelbert, Peter J. M. Weijs, Michael Tieland
Summary: BIA has a poor validity in assessing the absolute values of ALM, but has reasonable sensitivity and specificity in recognizing the community-dwelling older adults with the lowest muscle mass.
FRONTIERS IN NUTRITION
(2022)
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Jianan Shi, Qiang He, Yang Pan, Xianliang Zhang, Ming Li, Si Chen
Summary: This study aimed to develop and validate an anthropometric equation based on LASSO regression to predict appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) in 60-70-year-old women. The equation showed high predictive accuracy and could provide an alternative measure of ASM for communities without access to bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA).
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL DIRECTORS ASSOCIATION
(2022)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Francisco Esparza-Ros, Ana Catarina Moreira, Raquel Vaquero-Cristobal, Carlos Barrigas, Mario Albaladejo-Saura, Filomena Vieira
Summary: This study found that the four different skinfold calipers had similar validity in assessing adiposity-related variables in a healthy young adult population. However, they cannot be interchanged when comparing over time or with other samples.
Article
Immunology
Cheng Peng, Feng Liu, Kuan-Jui Su, Xu Lin, Yu-Qian Song, Jie Shen, Shi-Di Hu, Qiao-Cong Chen, Hui-Hui Yuan, Wen-Xi Li, Chun-Ping Zeng, Hong-Wen Deng, Hui-Ling Lou
Summary: Strong relationships were found between appendicular lean mass (ALM) and bone mineral density (BMD). Leveraging pleiotropy with BMD, this study identified 26 novel potential pleiotropic SNPs for ALM. Through a combined analysis of two large independent genome wide association studies, this research demonstrated the efficiency and reliability of the cFDR methodology in detecting trait-associated genetic variants for ALM.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
James S. Andrews, Laura S. Gold, May J. Reed, Catherine L. Hough, Jose M. Garcia, Robyn L. McClelland, Annette L. Fitzpatrick, Ken E. Covinsky, Paul K. Crane, Kristine Yaffe, Peggy M. Cawthon
Summary: This study aimed to determine whether lower appendicular lean mass (ALM) and grip strength are associated with a greater likelihood of incident dementia among older adults. The study found that lower ALM and grip strength are associated with an increased likelihood of incident dementia in older men.
JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES
(2022)
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Richard P. Kirwan, Mohsen Mazidi, Carmen Rodriguez Garcia, Katie E. Lane, Alireza Jafari, Tom Butler, Fatima Perez de Heredia, Ian G. Davies
Summary: Increased protein intake in older adults performing resistance exercise can lead to greater appendicular lean mass and hand grip strength, but does not provide additional benefit in terms of total lean body mass, appendicular lean mass, or hand grip strength.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION
(2022)
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Brenda L. Wong, Suzanne Summer, Paul S. Horn, Meilan M. Rutter, Irina Rybalsky, Cuixia Tian, Karen C. Shellenbarger, Heidi J. Kalkwarf
Summary: Mutations in the dystrophin gene result in varying clinical severity of DMD, and certain indices such as ALM and ALMI may serve as potential markers for evaluating the severity of the disease and informing clinical care decisions and trial designs.
JOURNAL OF CACHEXIA SARCOPENIA AND MUSCLE
(2023)
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
S. Toselli, F. Campa, C. N. Matias, Bruna Spolador de Alencar Silva, Vanessa Ribeiro dos Santos, P. Maietta Latessa, L. A. Gobbo
Summary: In this study, researchers developed and cross-validated a BIA-based equation for estimating ALST, taking into account the impact of body fat distribution. The new formula showed better accuracy and no bias compared to previously published models, providing a practical means to quantify ALST in older adults.
EXPERIMENTAL GERONTOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Sebastian Weiss, Valentin Weisse, Alexander Korthaus, Peter Bannas, Karl-Heinz Frosch, Carsten Schlickewei, Alexej Barg, Matthias Priemel
Summary: Appendicular soft tissue lymphoma is a rare disease often misdiagnosed as soft tissue sarcoma. There is limited research on the MRI characteristics of ASTL, and the results are inconsistent. This study systematically reviewed the clinical presentations and MRI characteristics of ASTL described in the current literature.
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Luis B. Sardinha, Gil B. Rosa, Megan Hetherington-Rauth, Ines R. Correia, Joao P. Magalhaes, Analiza M. Silva, Henry Lukaski
Summary: This study developed BIA-derived equations that can effectively predict regional LSTM in healthy adults and compared them with DXA. The results showed good agreement between the predicted LSTM and DXA-measured LSTM in most body regions. This suggests that BIA can be a cost-effective and time-efficient alternative to DXA for assessing and identifying LSTM imbalances.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION
(2023)
Article
Psychology, Clinical
Laurie J. Hannigan, Ragna Bugge Askeland, Helga Ask, Martin Tesli, Elizabeth Corfield, Ziada Ayorech, Per Magnus, Pal Rasmus Njolstad, Anne-Siri Oyen, Camilla Stoltenberg, Ole A. Andreassen, Angelica Ronald, George Davey Smith, Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud, Alexandra Havdahl
Summary: This study investigates the associations between genetic risk for neurodevelopmental disorders and attainment of early-life language and motor development milestones. The results show that genetic risk for ADHD is associated with earlier walking age, while genetic risk for autism is associated with later walking age, with sex differences observed. No robust associations were found between genetic risk for schizophrenia or any neurodevelopmental disorders and language developmental milestones.
PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Katie Major, Daniel Smith
Summary: Zoo rangers play an important role in communicating complex conservation issues and promoting behavior change campaigns, but their impact is limited by low engagement rates.
Article
Neurosciences
S. Dimitriadis, G. Perry, T. M. Lancaster, K. E. Tansey, K. D. Singh, P. Holmans, A. Pocklington, G. Davey Smith, S. Zammit, J. Hall, M. C. O'Donovan, M. J. Owen, D. K. Jones, D. E. Linden
Summary: Research using a recall-by-genotype approach examined the influence of common genetic risk factors for schizophrenia on the efficiency of routing on structural brain networks. The findings suggest less efficient structural connectivity and a greater leftward preponderance of indirect connections in individuals with a higher genetic risk for schizophrenia.
Article
Family Studies
Rebecca Sear, Andrew M. Prentice, Jonathan Wells
Summary: Different measures of nutritional status have varying associations with adult mortality, with more 'liquid' measures such as haemoglobin and BMI showing clearer relationships.
HISTORY OF THE FAMILY
(2023)
Article
Psychiatry
Amy Shakeshaft, Rachel Blakey, Alex S. F. Kwong, Lucy Riglin, George Davey Smith, Evie Stergiakouli, Kate Tilling, Anita Thapar
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the mental health of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A study using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children examined the effects of the pandemic on anxiety, depression, and mental wellbeing in adults with NDDs. The study found that individuals with ADHD and ASD had higher rates of depression, anxiety, and poor mental wellbeing compared to those without these disorders. The pandemic had a greater impact on anxiety levels in individuals with ADHD and ASD, while depressive symptoms decreased, particularly in females with ASD. Overall, mental wellbeing decreased for all participants, but to a lesser extent in those with ADHD and females with ASD.
JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Mie Balling, Shoaib Afzal, George Davey Smith, Anette Varbo, Anne Langsted, Pia R. Kamstrup, Borge G. Nordestgaard
Summary: Elevated LDL triglycerides are associated with an increased risk of ASCVD and its individual components, as shown in two prospective cohort studies and meta-analyses.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Alexia J. Murphy-Alford, William Johnson, Lukhanyo H. Nyati, Ina S. Santos, Andrew P. Hills, Shabina Ariff, V. Pujitha Wickramasinghe, Rebecca Kuriyan, M. Nishani Lucas, Caroline S. Costa, Christine Slater, Tanvir Ahmad, Nuala M. Byrne, Priscilla J. Divya, Anura V. Kurpad, Leila I. Cheikh Ismail, Cornelia U. Loechl, Shane A. Norris
Summary: Reference charts for body composition of infants aged 0-6 months and 3-24 months have been developed, based on global reference data. These charts will enhance the interpretation and understanding of body composition in infants during the first 24 months of life.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION
(2023)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Scott Waterfield, Tom G. Richardson, George Davey Smith, Linda M. O'Keeffe, Joshua A. Bell
Summary: This study found that genetic variants are more strongly associated with adiposity than with lean mass. Sex-specific childhood genetic risk scores have a larger impact on obesity, while the impact of adulthood genetic risk scores is smaller.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Winok Lapidaire, Alvaro Proano, Cauane Blumenberg, Christian Loret de Mola, Carlos A. Delgado, Darwin del Castillo, Fernando C. Wehrmeister, Helen Goncalves, Robert H. Gilman, Richard A. Oberhelman, Adam J. Lewandowski, Jonathan C. K. Wells, J. Jaime Miranda
Summary: This study explored the differences between preterm and term-born individuals in birth size and adult height, weight, and blood pressure in a Brazilian birth cohort. Preterm participants had lower birth size and remained shorter in adulthood for males, but not for females. At 22 years, females born preterm had lower blood pressure compared to term-born females. These differences were not observed in males.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Genetics & Heredity
Ruth E. Mitchell, April E. Hartley, Venexia M. Walker, Apostolos Gkatzionis, James Yarmolinsky, Joshua A. Bell, Amanda H. W. Chong, Lavinia Paternoster, Kate Tilling, George Davey Smith
Summary: Genetic studies of disease progression can identify factors influencing survival and prognosis, while studies of disease incidence inform prevention strategies. However, disease progression studies are prone to collider bias. This paper reviews statistical methods to detect and adjust for this bias, applicable to genetic and Mendelian randomisation studies with both individual and summary-level data. Examples illustrate the application of these methods to investigate the effects of blood lipid traits on coronary heart disease mortality and the genetic associations with breast cancer mortality.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Neil M. Davies, Matt Dickson, George Davey Smith, Frank Windmeijer, Gerard J. van den Berg
Summary: Previous studies have tried to determine whether education causes differences in later health outcomes or whether other factors ultimately cause differences in education and subsequent outcomes. This study compared two natural experiments: a policy reform raising the school leaving age in the UK in 1972 and Mendelian randomization. The results showed consistent positive effects of education on various outcomes, including diabetes, stroke, heart attack, mortality, smoking, income, grip strength, height, body mass index (BMI), intelligence, alcohol consumption, and sedentary behavior, but a negative impact on moderate exercise.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Derrick A. Bennett, Sarah Parish, Iona Y. Millwood, Yu Guo, Yiping Chen, Iain Turnbull, Ling Yang, Jun Lv, Canqing Yu, George Davey Smith, Yongjun Wang, Yilong Wang, Richard Peto, Rory Collins, Robin G. Walters, Liming Li, Zhengming Chen, Robert Clarke
Summary: In Chinese adults, the MTHFR C677T polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of stroke, highlighting the importance of further trials involving folic acid and mandatory folic acid fortification programs for stroke prevention in low-folate populations.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Manoja P. Herath, Sandra Murray, Meron Lewis, Timothy P. Holloway, Roger Hughes, Sisitha Jayasinghe, Robert Soward, Kira A. E. Patterson, Nuala M. Byrne, Amanda J. Lee, Andrew P. Hills, Kiran D. K. Ahuja
Summary: Understanding food prices and affordability is crucial for promoting healthy dietary habits and informing policy actions. A study in Northwest Tasmania found that the recommended healthy diet was cheaper and had slower cost growth compared to the habitual unhealthy diet. The habitual diet was unaffordable for low-income households while the recommended diet posed a risk of food stress for some groups. Interventions such as financial support, nutrition education, and price regulation can help address food insecurity in the region.
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Sisitha Jayasinghe, Andrew P. Hills
Summary: Despite the acknowledgement of the benefits of physical activity in preventing and controlling obesity, most children and adolescents are not sufficiently active to reap these benefits. Sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy dietary patterns during key development stages have a negative impact on young people. Unhealthy behaviors during the growth years predispose them to chronic conditions, such as obesity. Clear and consistent strategies are urgently needed to improve eating and activity behaviors of children and adolescents. Based on existing evidence, a set of non-negotiable strategies is presented as a roadmap to prevention and improving their health.
Article
Anthropology
Daniel P. Longman, Jonathan C. K. Wells, Jay T. Stock
Summary: Evolutionary life history theory helps understand human adaptive capabilities. Ultra-endurance challenges provide a model to study phenotypic plasticity and how the body prioritizes different functions during energetic stress. However, cognitive plasticity during energy deficits remains understudied.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
(2023)