Journal
MOLECULES
Volume 20, Issue 6, Pages 11317-11344Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/molecules200611317
Keywords
diaphragm; dystrophin; dystrophinopathy; Duchenne muscular dystrophy; extensor digitorum longus; flexor digitorum brevis; interosseus; muscle pathology; soleus; skeletal muscle proteome
Funding
- Higher Education Authority (HEA)
- Irish Government
- European Union under Ireland's EU Structural Funds Programme
- Muscular Dystrophy Ireland
- European Commission [264143]
- Deutsche Duchenne Stiftung aktion benni co e.V.
- Irish Health Research Board
- Higher Education Authority
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The primary deficiency in the membrane cytoskeletal protein dystrophin results in complex changes in dystrophic muscles. In order to compare the degree of secondary alterations in differently affected subtypes of skeletal muscles, we have conducted a global analysis of proteome-wide changes in various dystrophin-deficient muscles. In contrast to the highly degenerative mdx diaphragm muscle, which showed considerable alterations in 35 distinct proteins, the spectrum of mildly to moderately dystrophic skeletal muscles, including interosseus, flexor digitorum brevis, soleus, and extensor digitorum longus muscle, exhibited a smaller number of changed proteins. Compensatory mechanisms and/or cellular variances may be responsible for differing secondary changes in individual mdx muscles. Label-free mass spectrometry established altered expression levels for diaphragm proteins associated with contraction, energy metabolism, the cytoskeleton, the extracellular matrix and the cellular stress response. Comparative immunoblotting verified the differences in the degree of secondary changes in dystrophin-deficient muscles and showed that the up-regulation of molecular chaperones, the compensatory increase in proteins of the intermediate filaments, the fibrosis-related increase in collagen levels and the pathophysiological decrease in calcium binding proteins is more pronounced in mdx diaphragm as compared to the less severely affected mdx leg muscles. Annexin, lamin, and vimentin were identified as universal dystrophic markers.
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