Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Elena Cecilia Rosca, Philippe Tadger, Amalia Cornea, Raluca Tudor, Cristian Oancea, Mihaela Simu
Summary: This study systematically reviewed the accuracy of the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) test for diagnosing HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The findings suggest that IHDS has fair diagnostic accuracy at a threshold of 10 and can be a useful tool for HAND screening.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Talia M. Nir, Jean-Paul Fouche, Jintanat Ananworanich, Beau M. Ances, Jasmina Boban, Bruce J. Brew, Joga R. Chaganti, Linda Chang, Christopher R. K. Ching, Lucette A. Cysique, Thomas Ernst, Joshua Faskowitz, Vikash Gupta, Jaroslaw Harezlak, Jodi M. Heaps-Woodruff, Charles H. Hinkin, Jacqueline Hoare, John A. Joska, Kalpana J. Kallianpur, Taylor Kuhn, Hei Y. Lam, Meng Law, Christine Lebrun-Frenay, Andrew J. Levine, Lydiane Mondot, Beau K. Nakamoto, Bradford A. Navia, Xavier Pennec, Eric C. Porges, Lauren E. Salminen, Cecilia M. Shikuma, Wesley Surento, April D. Thames, Victor Valcour, Matteo Vassallo, Adam J. Woods, Paul M. Thompson, Ronald A. Cohen, Robert Paul, Dan J. Stein, Neda Jahanshad
Summary: Despite widespread cART availability, HIV infection presents ongoing challenges globally. This study aimed to investigate the structural brain associations with commonly collected clinical assessments of HIV burden. Results showed that lower current CD4(+) T-cell counts were associated with smaller hippocampal and thalamic volumes, while detectable viral load was linked to smaller hippocampal volumes. These findings may represent a generalizable brain signature of HIV infection in the cART era.
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Zsolt Vastag, Ovidiu Fira-Mladinescu, Elena Cecilia Rosca
Summary: This review provides an overview of concepts and diagnostic tools in the field of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) and discusses the strengths and limitations of currently available approaches. Despite recent advances in HIV treatment, the prevalence of HAND remains high.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Neurosciences
Eloi Magnin
Summary: Neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders are important public health topics with complex interactions. Considering both dimensions in clinical assessments can improve diagnostic accuracy and understanding of pathophysiology, leading to personalized precision cognitive medicine for each patient's lifelong neurocognitive trajectory.
JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE
(2021)
Article
Neurosciences
Stephen L. Aita, Quanhathai Kaewpoowat, Saowaluck Yasri, Amaraporn Rerkasem, Kittipan Rerkasem, Janejit Choovuthayakorn, Somsanguan Ausayakhun, Kevin Robertson, Robert M. Roth, Nathaniel M. Robbins
Summary: In this study, two commonly used screening measures for HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) were compared in Thai PLWH. The results showed that the MoCA-T was more effective in detecting asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI) compared to the IHDS, although both screening measures had poor sensitivity and specificity. These findings highlight the limited efficacy of current screening tools in detecting subtle cognitive deficits among Thai PLWH and suggest the need for better screening instruments.
JOURNAL OF NEUROVIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ana Lucia Fernandez Cruz, Chien-Ming Chen, Ryan Sanford, D. Louis Collins, Marie-Josee Brouillette, Nancy E. Mayo, Lesley K. Fellows
Summary: This study used converging methods to investigate the neural substrates of cognitive ability in middle-aged and older men with well-controlled HIV infection. The findings suggest that EEG responses evoked by the oddball task are more reliably related to cognitive performance than those evoked by the Simon task, as well as providing preliminary evidence for a subcortical contribution to the effects of HIV infection severity on P300 amplitudes.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ana Borrajo Lopez, Maria Aranzazu Penedo, Tania Rivera-Baltanas, Daniel Perez-Rodriguez, David Alonso-Crespo, Carlos Fernandez-Pereira, Jose Manuel Olivares, Roberto Carlos Agis-Balboa
Summary: Current use of combined antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced deaths and comorbidities associated with HIV-1 infection, but cannot eliminate the virus from long-lived cellular reservoirs. Research on microglial cells as the primary target cells for HIV-1 in the CNS, and investigating the viral latency mechanisms and potential treatments, are important steps towards preventing and curing HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder.
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Eva Birgitte Aamodt, Till Schellhorn, Edwin Stage, Apoorva Bharthur Sanjay, Paige E. Logan, Diana Otero Svaldi, Liana G. Apostolova, Ingvild Saltvedt, Mona Kristiansen Beyer
Summary: The study aimed to classify clinical and imaging factors related to the rapid development of major neurocognitive disorder (NCD) after a stroke within 3 months. It was found that the prediction of rapid development of the disorder is mainly driven by neurodegenerative brain changes, with high accuracy achieved through machine learning algorithms and neuroimaging features.
FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE
(2021)
Review
Virology
Monray E. Williams, Anicia Janse Van Rensburg, Du Toit Loots, Petrus J. W. Naude, Shayne Mason
Summary: The study found an association between blood and CSF immune markers and neurocognitive development/performance in pediatric HIV populations. However, the limited number of studies meeting the inclusion criteria constrained the ability to draw significant conclusions. Overall, evidence suggests that immune dysregulation has a significant impact on neurocognitive performance in pediatric HIV populations, similar to what is seen in adult HIV populations.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Daniel Ojeda-Juarez, Marcus Kaul
Summary: People living with HIV often develop neurological and neurocognitive complications, despite improvements in survival rates with antiretroviral therapy. Research on HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) has focused on transcriptomic and genetic analyses, with much left to explore in understanding the genetic underpinnings of HAND.
FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ana Borrajo, Daniel Perez-Rodriguez, Carlos Fernandez-Pereira, Jose Maria Prieto-Gonzalez, Roberto Carlos Agis-Balboa
Summary: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) continue to be a problem despite improvements in life expectancy and viral load reduction. The mechanisms behind these disorders, such as neurogenesis and mitochondrial dysfunction, are not yet fully understood. Pharmacological approaches have been approved but have drawbacks like side effects and potential drug resistance. Genetic studies provide insights into cognitive impairment in HIV-1 patients and can help tailor treatment approaches. This review aims to summarize epidemiological data, genetic research, and potential pharmacological therapies for HANDs.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Infectious Diseases
F. Almeida, A. Macedo, D. Trigo, M. Abreu, M. Guimaraes, N. Luis, R. Pinho, R. Tavares
Summary: This observational cross-sectional study aimed to characterize neurocognitive impairment in an HIV-2 population in four Portuguese hospitals. The study found that 35.8% of patients had neurocognitive impairment, which is comparable to HIV-1. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test (MoCA) performed worse in the migrant population and may not be applicable in this setting.
Review
Immunology
Sheetal Sreeram, Fengchun Ye, Yoelvis Garcia-Mesa, Kien Nguyen, Ahmed El Sayed, Konstantin Leskov, Jonathan Karn
Summary: Despite the suppression of HIV-1 viral replication in the central nervous system by antiretroviral therapy, a significant percentage of HIV-1-infected patients still experience neuroinflammation and symptoms of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder. Recent studies suggest that HIV-1 latency in microglia plays a role in both neuroinflammation and the progression of neurocognitive disorders. Therefore, anti-inflammatory drugs that can also inhibit HIV-1 reactivation may offer potential therapeutic options for treating these disorders.
TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Monray E. Williams, Petrus J. W. Naude, Francois H. van der Westhuizen
Summary: HAND is a common neurocognitive disorder among HIV-positive individuals, with studies focusing on identifying potential biomarkers associated with cognitive impairment. Recent research has shown promising results in using proteomic and metabolomic approaches to uncover pathways and markers related to HAND.
JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Mattia Trunfio, Davide De Francesco, Daniela Vai, Caterina Medina, Maurizio Milesi, Simone Domini, Chiara Alcantarini, Daniele Imperiale, Stefano Bonora, Giovanni Di Perri, Andrea Calcagno
Summary: The study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of MACE in detecting HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and found that it outperforms the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) in terms of sensitivity, specificity, correct classification rate, and agreement with the gold standard. MACE also showed better performance in older patients.