What Do Effective Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis Tell Us about the Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Pathogenesis?

Cutting Edge: Th1 Cells Facilitate the Entry of Th17 Cells to the Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

(2014) R. A. O'Connor et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Safety and efficacy of ocrelizumab in combination with methotrexate in MTX-naive subjects with rheumatoid arthritis: the phase III FILM trial

(2012) William Stohl et al.   ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with immunosuppressive therapy in rheumatic diseases: Evolving role of biologic therapies

(2012) Eamonn S. Molloy et al.   ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

NF- B, the first quarter-century: remarkable progress and outstanding questions

(2012) M. S. Hayden et al.   GENES & DEVELOPMENT

Association Between Use of Interferon Beta and Progression of Disability in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

(2012) Afsaneh Shirani et al.   JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

B cell depletion therapy ameliorates autoimmune disease through ablation of IL-6–producing B cells

(2012) Tom A. Barr et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

A Transgenic Model of Central Nervous System Autoimmunity Mediated by CD4+ and CD8+ T and B Cells

(2012) A. C. Anderson et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Neuropathologic Correlates of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis

(2012) G. R. Wayne Moore et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROPATHOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY

Safety and Efficacy of Various Dosages of Ocrelizumab in Japanese Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis with an Inadequate Response to Methotrexate Therapy: A Placebo-controlled Double-blind Parallel-group Study

(2012) M. HARIGAI et al.   JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY

Does interferon beta treatment exacerbate neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder?

(2012) Su-Hyun Kim et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Serum IL-17F does not predict poor response to IM IFN -1a in relapsing-remitting MS

(2012) S. E. Bushnell et al.   NEUROLOGY

Alemtuzumab more effective than interferon  -1a at 5-year follow-up of CAMMS223 Clinical Trial

(2012) A. J. Coles et al.   NEUROLOGY

The evidence for a role of B cells in multiple sclerosis

(2012) G. Disanto et al.   NEUROLOGY

Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Laquinimod for Multiple Sclerosis

(2012) Giancarlo Comi et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Risk of Natalizumab-Associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

(2012) Gary Bloomgren et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Atacicept in combination with MMF and corticosteroids in lupus nephritis: results of a prematurely terminated trial

(2012) Ellen M Ginzler et al.   ARTHRITIS RESEARCH & THERAPY

Central nervous system rather than immune cell-derived BDNF mediates axonal protective effects early in autoimmune demyelination

(2011) De-Hyung Lee et al.   ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA

Modulation of Autoimmune Demyelination by Laquinimod via Induction of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

(2011) Jan Thöne et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY

Mechanisms of fingolimod's efficacy and adverse effects in multiple sclerosis

(2011) Jeffrey A. Cohen et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Rituximab-Associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in Rheumatoid Arthritis

(2011) David B. Clifford   ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY

Atacicept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate: Results of a phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

(2011) R. F. van Vollenhoven et al.   ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Dimethyl Fumarate in Astrocytes Involve Glutathione and Haem Oxygenase-1

(2011) Shao Xia Lin et al.   ASN Neuro

Functional role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neuroprotective autoimmunity: therapeutic implications in a model of multiple sclerosis

(2011) R. A. Linker et al.   BRAIN

Related B cell clones populate the meninges and parenchyma of patients with multiple sclerosis

(2011) Laura Lovato et al.   BRAIN

Fumaric acid esters exert neuroprotective effects in neuroinflammation via activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway

(2011) Ralf A. Linker et al.   BRAIN

Natural killer cell phenotype and clinical response to interferon-beta therapy in multiple sclerosis

(2011) J.E. Martínez-Rodríguez et al.   CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

Immune mechanisms of new therapeutic strategies in MS — Teriflunomide

(2011) Malte C. Claussen et al.   CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

Treatment of multiple sclerosis with Anti-CD20 antibodies

(2011) Barbara Barun et al.   CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

The Mechanism of Action of Interferon-β in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis

(2011) Bernd C. Kieseier   CNS DRUGS

Glatiramer Acetate in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

(2011) Patrice H. Lalive et al.   CNS DRUGS

Treatment with Natalizumab in Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients Induces Changes in Inflammatory Mechanism

(2011) Jaime Ramos-Cejudo et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

B Cells as a Therapeutic Target for IFN-β in Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

(2011) Vinod S. Ramgolam et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Recent insights into the mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate

(2011) Mrinalini Kala et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

Novel mechanisms of immune modulation of natalizumab in multiple sclerosis patients

(2011) Mario Skarica et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

Increase of Ki-67+ natural killer cells in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon-β and interferon-β combined with low-dose oral steroids

(2011) Lara Sanvito et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

Related B cell clones that populate the CSF and CNS of patients with multiple sclerosis produce CSF immunoglobulin

(2011) Birgit Obermeier et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

IFN-β induces the proliferation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells through upregulation of GITRL on dendritic cells in the treatment of multiple sclerosis

(2011) Meiyue Chen et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

Insight into the mechanism of laquinimod action

(2011) W. Brück et al.   JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES

Ocrelizumab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial

(2011) Ludwig Kappos et al.   LANCET

Comparison of fingolimod with interferon beta-1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised extension of the TRANSFORMS study

(2011) Bhupendra Khatri et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

Natalizumab treatment for multiple sclerosis: updated recommendations for patient selection and monitoring

(2011) Ludwig Kappos et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

The frequency of CSF oligoclonal banding in multiple sclerosis increases with latitude

(2011) J Lechner-Scott et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

RORγt drives production of the cytokine GM-CSF in helper T cells, which is essential for the effector phase of autoimmune neuroinflammation

(2011) Laura Codarri et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

The encephalitogenicity of TH17 cells is dependent on IL-1- and IL-23-induced production of the cytokine GM-CSF

(2011) Mohamed El-Behi et al.   NATURE IMMUNOLOGY

A role for interleukin-2 trans-presentation in dendritic cell–mediated T cell activation in humans, as revealed by daclizumab therapy

(2011) Simone C Wuest et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Association of innate immune activation with latent Epstein-Barr virus in active MS lesions

(2011) J. S. Tzartos et al.   NEUROLOGY

Randomized Trial of Oral Teriflunomide for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis

(2011) Paul O'Connor et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

T Regulatory Cells Are Markers of Disease Activity in Multiple Sclerosis Patients

(2011) Dacia Dalla Libera et al.   PLoS One

Establishing Long-Term Efficacy in Chronic Disease: Use of Recursive Partitioning and Propensity Score Adjustment to Estimate Outcome in MS

(2011) Douglas S. Goodin et al.   PLoS One

Type I IFN Promotes IL-10 Production from T Cells to Suppress Th17 Cells and Th17-Associated Autoimmune Inflammation

(2011) Lixia Zhang et al.   PLoS One

Glatiramer Acetate Treatment Directly Targets CD11b+ Ly6G− Monocytes and Enhances the Suppression of Autoreactive T cells in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

(2011) A. Toker et al.   SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Interleukin-2/interleukin-2 antibody therapy induces target organ natural killer cells that inhibit central nervous system inflammation

(2010) Junwei Hao et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Changes in B- and T-Lymphocyte and Chemokine Levels With Rituximab Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis

(2010) Laura Piccio et al.   ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY

Memory B cells from a subset of treatment-naïve relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients elicit CD4+ T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production in response to myelin basic protein and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

(2010) Christopher T. Harp et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Act1, Scene Brain: Astrocytes Play a Lead Role

(2010) Jane M. Rodgers et al.   IMMUNITY

Astrocyte-Restricted Ablation of Interleukin-17-Induced Act1-Mediated Signaling Ameliorates Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

(2010) Zizhen Kang et al.   IMMUNITY

Central nervous system (CNS)–resident natural killer cells suppress Th17 responses and CNS autoimmune pathology

(2010) Junwei Hao et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

An IL-2 Paradox: Blocking CD25 on T Cells Induces IL-2-Driven Activation of CD56bright NK Cells

(2010) J. F. Martin et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Laquinimod interferes with migratory capacity of T cells and reduces IL-17 levels, inflammatory demyelination and acute axonal damage in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

(2010) Christiane Wegner et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

Laquinimod suppress antigen presentation in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: In-vitro high-throughput gene expression study

(2010) M. Gurevich et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

Glatiramer acetate reduces Th-17 inflammation and induces regulatory T-cells in the CNS of mice with relapsing–remitting or chronic EAE

(2010) Rina Aharoni et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

Increased expression of B cell-associated regulatory cytokines by glatiramer acetate in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

(2010) Sakhina Begum-Haque et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

A case for regulatory B cells in controlling the severity of autoimmune-mediated inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis

(2010) Avijit Ray et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

Augmentation of regulatory B cell activity in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by glatiramer acetate

(2010) Sakhina Begum-Haque et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

Daclizumab in active relapsing multiple sclerosis (CHOICE study): a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, add-on trial with interferon beta

(2010) Daniel Wynn et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

T helper type 1 and 17 cells determine efficacy of interferon-β in multiple sclerosis and experimental encephalomyelitis

(2010) Robert C Axtell et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Absence of Epstein-Barr virus in the brain and CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis

(2010) S. A. Sargsyan et al.   NEUROLOGY

Th17 central memory T cells are reduced by FTY720 in patients with multiple sclerosis

(2010) M. Mehling et al.   NEUROLOGY

Rituximab add-on therapy for breakthrough relapsing multiple sclerosis: A 52-week phase II trial

(2010) R. T. Naismith et al.   NEUROLOGY

A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Fingolimod in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis

(2010) Ludwig Kappos et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

FTY720 (fingolimod) efficacy in an animal model of multiple sclerosis requires astrocyte sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) modulation

(2010) J. W. Choi et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Atacicept: targeting B cells in multiple sclerosis

(2010) Hans-Peter Hartung et al.   Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders

High-dose Daclizumab for the Treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis–Associated Active Anterior Uveitis

(2009) H. Nida Sen et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a report of three cases in HIV-negative patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas treated with rituximab

(2009) Marco Tuccori et al.   ANNALS OF HEMATOLOGY

Pathogenic CD8+T cells in multiple sclerosis

(2009) Manuel A. Friese et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Antibodies produced by clonally expanded plasma cells in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid

(2009) Gregory P. Owens et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Abnormal B-cell cytokine responses a trigger of T-cell-mediated disease in MS?

(2009) Amit Bar-Or et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Rituximab in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: Results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial

(2009) Kathleen Hawker et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Effect of Anti-CD25 Antibody Daclizumab in the Inhibition of Inflammation and Stabilization of Disease Progression in Multiple Sclerosis

(2009) Bibiana Bielekova et al.   ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY

Epstein–Barr virus infection is not a characteristic feature of multiple sclerosis brain

(2009) Simon N. Willis et al.   BRAIN

The relation between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains

(2009) Josa M. Frischer et al.   BRAIN

Long-term follow-up of the original interferon-β1b trial in multiple sclerosis: Design and lessons from a 16-year observational study

(2009) George C. Ebers et al.   CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS

Fumaric Acid and its Esters: An Emerging Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis

(2009) D. Moharregh-Khiabani et al.   Current Neuropharmacology

Regulatory effects of IFN-β on production of osteopontin and IL-17 by CD4+ T Cells in MS

(2009) Meiyue Chen et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

B cells from glatiramer acetate-treated mice suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

(2009) Mrinalini Kala et al.   EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY

B-Cell Reconstitution and BAFF After Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

(2009) Sara A. J. Thompson et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

IFN-  Inhibits Human Th17 Cell Differentiation

(2009) V. S. Ramgolam et al.   JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY

Interferon-beta-1a treatment increases CD56bright natural killer cells and CD4+CD25+ Foxp3 expression in subjects with multiple sclerosis

(2009) Arthur A. Vandenbark et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

Teriflunomide reduces behavioral, electrophysiological, and histopathological deficits in the Dark Agouti rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

(2009) Jean E. Merrill et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY

250 μg or 500 μg interferon beta-1b versus 20 mg glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a prospective, randomised, multicentre study

(2009) Paul O'Connor et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

Natalizumab treatment is associated with peripheral sequestration of proinflammatory T cells

(2009) P. Kivisakk et al.   NEUROLOGY

Humoral immune response to EBV in multiple sclerosis is associated with disease activity on MRI

(2009) R. A. Farrell et al.   NEUROLOGY

Rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A 72-week, open-label, phase I trial

(2008) Amit Bar-Or et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Interferon Beta–Induced Restoration of Regulatory T-Cell Function in Multiple Sclerosis Is Prompted by an Increase in Newly Generated Naive Regulatory T Cells

(2008) Mirjam Korporal et al.   ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY

Ocrelizumab, a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A phase I/II randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study

(2008) Mark C. Genovese et al.   ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Human natural killer cells

(2008) M. A. Caligiuri   BLOOD

Impact of myelin-specific antigen presenting B cells on T cell activation in multiple sclerosis

(2008) Christopher T. Harp et al.   CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

IL2RA and IL7RA genes confer susceptibility for multiple sclerosis in two independent European populations

(2008) F Weber et al.   GENES AND IMMUNITY

Engagement of the Type I Interferon Receptor on Dendritic Cells Inhibits T Helper 17 Cell Development: Role of Intracellular Osteopontin

(2008) Mari L. Shinohara et al.   IMMUNITY

High-dose humanized anti-IL-2 receptor alpha antibody (daclizumab) for the treatment of active, non-infectious uveitis

(2008) Steven Yeh et al.   JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY

The type I IFN induction pathway constrains Th17-mediated autoimmune inflammation in mice

(2008) Beichu Guo et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Getting specific: monoclonal antibodies in multiple sclerosis

(2008) Andreas Lutterotti et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

Comparison of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a with glatiramer acetate in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (the REbif vs Glatiramer Acetate in Relapsing MS Disease [REGARD] study): a multicentre, randomised, parallel, open-label trial

(2008) Daniel D Mikol et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

Immunologic, clinical, and radiologic status 14 months after cessation of natalizumab therapy

(2008) O. Stuve et al.   NEUROLOGY

Alemtuzumab vs. Interferon Beta-1a in Early Multiple Sclerosis

(2008)   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

B-Cell Depletion with Rituximab in Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

(2008) Stephen L. Hauser et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Nonclinical Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Atacicept

(2008) Michela Carbonatto et al.   TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Interleukin-17 Production in Central Nervous System-Infiltrating T Cells and Glial Cells Is Associated with Active Disease in Multiple Sclerosis

(2007) John S. Tzartos et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY

TNFα blockade in human diseases: An overview of efficacy and safety

(2007) Jan Lin et al.   CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY