Infections due to Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium species in patients with advanced HIV disease - a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge

Objectives: : The aim of this study is to highlight the importance of infections caused by members of the genera Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium in HIV-positive patients. Methods: We describe a case of a fatal scedosporiosis in a treatment-naive HIV patient and review all previously reported cases of pseudallescheriosis/scedosporiosis from a search of the PubMed and Deutsches Institut fur Medizinische Dokumentation und Information (DIMDI) databases, applying the terms 'Pseudallescheria', 'Scedosporium', 'Allescheria', 'Monosporium', 'Petriellidium', 'boydii', 'prolificans', 'inflatum', cross-referenced with 'HIV' and 'AIDS'. Results: Detection of Scedosporium and Pseudallescheria species has been reported in 22 HIV-positive patients. Fourteen isolates belonged to the Pseudallescheria boydii complex and eight to Scedosporium prolificans. Invasive scedosporiosis (IS) was proven in 54.5% of the patients. Among them dissemination was observed in 66.7%. Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium species were mainly isolated from male individuals. Patients with proven IS showed CD4+ cell counts <100/mu l and a higher co-infection rate as compared to colonized patients. Patients with central nervous system (CNS) manifestations showed CD4+ cell counts <50/mu l. The mortality rate for patients with proven IS was 75% and was 100% for patients with dissemination/CNS manifestations. The fatality rate for patients treated with antifungal drugs plus surgery was lower compared to patients treated with antimycotic agents alone. Conclusions: IS only occurred in HIV-positive patients with a strongly impaired immune system. The survival rates of patients with advanced HIV disease and invasive scedosporiosis can be improved by rapid diagnosis by biopsy and requires complex therapy with a combination of active antifungal drugs, surgery and supportive immune augmentation. (C) 2011 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.