IN VITRO INHIBITION OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE AND MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS BACILLUS CALMETTE GUERIN-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND IN VIVO PROTECTION FROM D-GALACTOSAMINE/LPS-MEDIATED LIVER INJURY BY THE MEDICINAL PLANT SCLEROCARYA BIRREA

Sclerocarya birrea is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of inflammatory- and bacterial-related diseases. The present study investigated in vitro and in vivo the effects of the stem bark methanol extract of S. birrea. Nitrite, TNF, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and IL-12p40 production by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) pre-incubated with or without S. birrea, and stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or infected with live Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) was evaluated. S. birrea extract inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, nitrite, TNF, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and IL-12p40 production by BMDM stimulated with LPS or infected with live BCC. The iNOS expression was reduced by S. birrea after stimulation of BMDM with LPS. In addition, S. birrea inhibited the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation by both LPS and BCG. The effects of the plant extract were also evaluated in an in vivo model of liver injury induced by D-galactosamine/LPS (D-GaIN/LPS) administration in mice. S. birrea limited D-GaIN/LPS-liver injury as assessed by a reduction in transaminases and TNF, IL-1 beta, IL-6 serum levels, and translocation of NF-kappa B to the nucleus. Taken together, our data indicate that stem bark methanol extract of S. birrea possesses anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting NF-kappa B activation and cytokine release induced by inflammatory or infectious stimuli.