Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ana Cristina Simoes e Silva, Eduardo A. A. Oliveira, Wai W. W. Cheung, Robert R. H. Mak
Summary: Redox signaling alterations contribute to CKD-associated cachexia. This review summarizes studies on the redox pathophysiology in CKD-associated cachexia and muscle wasting, and discusses potential therapeutic approaches using antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecules to restore redox homeostasis. Antioxidant molecules have been studied in experimental models and patients with CKD, and oxidative stress is increased in CKD due to factors such as uremic toxins, inflammation, and metabolic and hormone alterations. Rehabilitation and anti-inflammatory molecules have shown beneficial effects for CKD-associated cachexia, and experimental studies have shown the importance of oxidative stress through the use of antioxidant therapies. Further studies are needed for potential therapies involving antioxidant therapy.
Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Nicole E. Rich, Samuel Phen, Nirali Desai, Sukul Mittal, Adam C. Yopp, Ju Dong Yang, Jorge A. Marrero, Puneeth Iyengar, Rodney E. Infante, Amit G. Singal
Summary: This study finds that nearly 1 in 4 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) present with cancer cachexia, which is associated with worse outcomes in HCC patients. The presence of cancer-associated weight loss appears to be an early and independent predictor of reduced survival in HCC patients.
CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Masatsugu Okamura, Tatsuro Inoue, Masato Ogawa, Kengo Shirado, Nobuyuki Shirai, Takuma Yagi, Ryo Momosaki, Yoji Kokura
Summary: Rehabilitation nutrition is a proposed strategy to improve nutritional status and physical function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the effectiveness of combined nutrition and exercise interventions for cachexia and protein-energy wasting (PEW) in CKD patients is still unclear. As more scientific evidence accumulates, rehabilitation nutrition addressing the nutritional problems associated with CKD is expected to become more widespread.
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Haiming Liu, Pu Zang, Ian (In-gi) Lee, Barbara Anderson, Anthony Christiani, Lena Strait-Bodey, Beatrice A. Breckheimer, Mackenzie Storie, Alison Tewnion, Kora Krumm, Theresa Li, Brynn Irwin, Jose M. Garcia
Summary: The study found that the growth hormone secretagogue receptor-1a mediates the effects of ghrelin in attenuating weakness induced by LLC by modulating the autophagy-lysosome pathway, mitophagy, and mitochondrial respiration, but not reducing muscle mass loss.
JOURNAL OF CACHEXIA SARCOPENIA AND MUSCLE
(2021)
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Antia Fernandez-Pombo, Gemma Rodriguez-Carnero, Ana I. Castro, Ana Canton-Blanco, Luisa M. Seoane, Felipe F. Casanueva, Ana B. Crujeiras, Miguel A. Martinez-Olmos
Summary: Chronic heart failure often leads to involuntary weight loss and muscle wasting, necessitating careful nutritional evaluation and treatment to prevent or improve cardiac cachexia and sarcopenia, as well as improve the course of the disease.
CLINICAL NUTRITION
(2021)
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Karin J. C. Sanders, Roel Wierts, Wouter D. Marken Lichtenbelt, Judith Vos-Geelen, Guy Plasqui, Marco C. J. M. Kelders, Vera B. Schrauwen-Hinderling, Jan Bucerius, Anne-Marie C. Dingemans, Felix M. Mottaghy, Annemie M. W. J. Schols
Summary: There is no correlation between basal metabolic rate (BMR), total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), and brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Additionally, BAT activity and gene expression levels of brown adipocyte or beige markers are comparable between COPD patients and controls.
JOURNAL OF CACHEXIA SARCOPENIA AND MUSCLE
(2022)
Review
Oncology
Louisa Tichy, Traci L. Parry
Summary: Cancer-induced cardiac cachexia is a major cause of death in cancer patients, characterized by severe cardiac muscle wasting and dysfunction. The exact molecular mechanisms are not fully understood, but researchers have identified different stages of progression and potential biomarkers for detection and monitoring. Current treatment options are limited and there is a need for further research to develop effective interventions.
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Haiming L. Kerr, Kora Krumm, Ian (In-gi) Lee, Barbara Anderson, Anthony Christiani, Lena Strait, Beatrice A. Breckheimer, Brynn Irwin, Alice (Siyi) Jiang, Artur Rybachok, Amanda Chen, Lucas Caeiro, Elizabeth Dacek, Daniel B. Hall, Caroline H. Kostyla, Laura M. Hales, Tarik M. Soliman, Jose M. Garcia
Summary: In this study, the effects and mechanisms of action of EXT418 on lung cancer-induced cachexia in mice were evaluated. EXT418 was found to attenuate cachexia by reducing skeletal muscle inflammation, proteolysis, and mitophagy, independently of tumor mass and partially independent of food intake.
JOURNAL OF CACHEXIA SARCOPENIA AND MUSCLE
(2023)
Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Zhijun Zhou, Yu Ren, Jingxuan Yang, Mingyang Liu, Xiuhui Shi, Wenyi Luo, Kar-Ming Fung, Chao Xu, Michael S. Bronze, Yuqing Zhang, Courtney W. Houchen, Min Li
Summary: In this study, we found that ACSS2 enhances nonselective macropinocytosis and muscle wasting in pancreatic cancer through metabolic reprogramming, revealing the potential mechanism behind these processes.
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Clare McKeaveney, Peter Maxwell, Helen Noble, Joanne Reid
Summary: The review highlighted the lack of standardized treatments for cachexia or severe wasting and the need for multimodal interventions in addressing these conditions. While the studies showed some improvements in body composition, nutrition, biomarkers, and functionality in treatment groups, caution is required due to the heterogenous nature of interventions and small sample sizes. Overall, there is support for the role of multimodal interventions in treating severe wasting, but further randomized controlled trials with a powered sample size and sufficient interaction period are necessary to determine their effectiveness.
ADVANCES IN NUTRITION
(2021)
Review
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Hsiang-Jung Ni, Teh-Fu Hsu, Liang-Kung Chen, Hsiu-Ling Chou, Heng-Hsin Tung, Lok-Hi Chow, Yu-Chi Chen
Summary: Exercise intervention has significant benefits for older adults with muscle wasting diseases, improving body composition, muscle strength, and physical function. More well-designed large-sample-sized studies are needed to confirm the benefits of exercise intervention in this population.
ARCHIVES OF GERONTOLOGY AND GERIATRICS
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Thomas M. O'Connell, Lilian Golzarri-Arroyo, Fabrizio Pin, Rafael Barreto, Stephanie L. Dickinson, Marion E. Couch, Andrea Bonetto
Summary: The search for early biomarkers of cancer cachexia is crucial, with amino acids and lipoproteins identified as the earliest significant changes. Metabolic alterations appear before weight loss, providing a new avenue for early detection in clinical settings.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Oncology
Claudia Bordignon, Bethania S. dos Santos, Daniela D. Rosa
Summary: Cachexia is a common syndrome in cancer patients, especially those with advanced tumors, characterized by weight loss, muscle wasting, and cardiac dysfunction. This review examines the manifestations of cachexia and the potential role of physical exercise in preventing or reversing this syndrome in cancer patients.
Review
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Masatsugu Okamura, Masaaki Konishi, Javed Butler, Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh, Stephan von Haehling, Stefan D. Anker
Summary: This review discusses the impact of cachexia and muscle wasting on patients with chronic kidney disease, and summarizes the prevalence of these conditions and indicators for evaluating kidney function. However, there is limited understanding of cachexia in patients with chronic kidney disease, and its effects on kidney function and patient outcomes are not clear. Future studies should focus on the effects of cachexia and muscle wasting on chronic kidney disease and use cystatin C to accurately estimate kidney function.
JOURNAL OF CACHEXIA SARCOPENIA AND MUSCLE
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Rojyar Khezri, Petter Holland, Todd Andrew Schoborg, Ifat Abramovich, Szabolcs Takats, Caroline Dillard, Ashish Jain, Fergal O'Farrell, Sebastian Wolfgang Schultz, William M. Hagopian, Eduardo Martin Quintana, Rachel Ng, Nadja Sandra Katheder, Mohammed Mahidur Rahman, Jose Gerardo Teles Reis, Andreas Brech, Heinrich Jasper, Nasser M. Rusan, Anne Hope Jahren, Eyal Gottlieb, Tor Erik Rusten
Summary: In addition to supporting tumor metabolism and growth, autophagy plays a critical role in mediating systemic organ wasting and nutrient mobilization for tumor growth. The study demonstrates that autophagy mediates muscle atrophy and weight loss, leading to the release of amino acids and sugars into circulation for tumor growth.
