Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER
Volume 131, Issue 7, Pages E1134-E1147Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27547
Keywords
diet; magnesium; iron; nutrients; pancreatic cancer; cohort; epidemiology
Categories
Funding
- European Commission (SANCO)
- Deutsche Krebshilfe
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
- Danish Cancer Society
- Spanish Ministry of Health
- Spanish Regional Government of Andalucia
- Spanish Regional Government of Asturias
- Spanish Regional Government of Basque Country
- Spanish Regional Government of Murcia [6236]
- Navarra
- ISCIII RCESP, Spain [C03/09]
- Cancer Research UK
- Medical Research Council, United Kingdom
- Hellenic Health Foundation
- Stavros Niarchos Foundation
- Hellenic Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity, Greece
- Italian Association for Research on Cancer (AIRC)
- Italian National Research Council
- Fondazione-Istituto Banco Napoli, Italy
- Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports
- Dutch Prevention Funds
- LK Research Funds
- Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland)
- World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) (the Netherlands)
- Swedish Cancer Society
- Swedish Scientific Council
- Regional Government of Skane, Sweden
- Helga-Nordic Center of Excellence Programme in Nutrition and Health
- French League against Cancer (LNCC)
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), France
- Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale (MGEN), France
- 3M Co., France
- Gustave Roussy Institute (IGR), France
- General Councils of France [EF-0468]
- Consejeria de Salud
- Junta de Andalucia
- Cancer Research UK [14136] Funding Source: researchfish
- Medical Research Council [MC_U106179471, G0801056B, G0401527, G1000143] Funding Source: researchfish
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Several studies support a protective effect of dietary magnesium against type 2 diabetes, but a harmful effect for iron. As diabetes has been linked to pancreatic cancer, intake of these nutrients may be also associated with this cancer. We examined the association between dietary intake of magnesium, total iron and heme-iron and pancreatic cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. In total, 142,203 men and 334,999 women, recruited between 1992 and 2000, were included. After an average follow-up of 11.3 years, 396 men and 469 women developed exocrine pancreatic cancer. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained using Cox regression stratified by age and center, and adjusted for energy intake, smoking status, height, weight, and self-reported diabetes status. Neither intake of magnesium, total iron nor heme-iron was associated with pancreatic cancer risk. In stratified analyses, a borderline inverse association was observed among overweight men (body mass index, =25 kg/m2) with magnesium (HRper 100 mg/day increase = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.631.01) although this was less apparent using calibrated intake. In female smokers, a higher intake of heme-iron was associated with a higher pancreatic cancer risk (HR per 1 mg/day increase = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.101.74). After calibration, this risk increased significantly to 2.5-fold (95% CI = 1.225.28). Overall, dietary magnesium, total iron and heme-iron were not associated with pancreatic cancer risk during the follow-up period. Our observation that heme-iron was associated with increased pancreatic cancer risk in female smokers warrants replication in additional study populations.
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