Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY
Volume 15, Issue 2, Pages 175-181Publisher
KOREAN SOC AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS-KSAE
DOI: 10.1007/s12239-014-0019-5
Keywords
Sub-23-nm particles; Solid carbon nanoparticles; GDI engines; TEM analysis; Morphology; PN regulation
Funding
- Advanced Engine Combustion Program at the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Vehicle Technologies
- Corning Inc.
- Hyundai motor company
- U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences
- [DE-AC02-06CH11357]
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Gasoline direct-injection (GDI) engines have been reported to produce significantly more particulate matter (PM) mass and particulate number (PN) emissions than do port-fuel-injection (PFI) spark ignition engines. Because small-sized particles are of great concern in terms of their regulation, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to evaluate the sizes of primary and aggregate particles that were thermophoretically collected from three different GDI engines under various engine operating conditions. A low load and retarded fuel injection generally reduced the particle size. Consequently, when the fuel injection timing was delayed at low loads, primary and aggregate particles became extremely small. In particular, a number of nanoparticles were sub-23-nm particles. Careful high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) analyses provided the first evidence that these nanoparticles are solid carbon particles with clear fringe patterns and young soot (and/or highly condensed semi-volatiles) with amorphous carbon patterns. Therefore, this result suggests that the current cut-off size at 23 rim for PN regulation in Euro 6 must be further reduced to include sub-23-nm carbon nanoparticles.
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