Review
Immunology
Kumar Saurabh Srivastava, Vandana Jeswani, Nabanita Pal, Babita Bohra, Vaishali Vishwakarma, Atharva Ashish Bapat, Yamini Prashanti Patnaik, Navin Khanna, Rahul Shukla
Summary: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a potentially severe brain infection that spreads through mosquito bites. Currently, there is no licensed anti-JEV drug available, although there are a few licensed vaccines with limited global use. With over 67,000 cases of JE annually, there is an urgent need to find suitable antiviral drugs for treatment.
Article
Virology
Jeong-Min Hong, Ali Newaz Munna, Ji-Hong Moon, Jong-Hoon Kim, Jae-Won Seol, Seong-Kug Eo, Sang-Youel Park
Summary: This study investigated the role of PrPc in regulating autophagy flux and its potential antiviral activity against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. The results demonstrated that PrPc effectively inhibited JEV propagation by regulating autophagy flux, offering a promising therapeutic target for flavivirus infection.
Article
Clinical Neurology
Hyoshin Son, Jun-Sang Sunwoo, Sang Kun Lee, Kon Chu, Soon-Tae Lee
Summary: This study investigated the clinical outcomes of laboratory-confirmed Japanese encephalitis (JE) patients who received combination treatment or supportive management. The results showed that combination therapy of immunoglobulin, ribavirin, and interferon-alpha 2b was tolerable and led to partial recovery in some patients, although adverse events were reported. Supportive management alone did not show significant improvement in patients with JE. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to evaluate the efficacy of combination therapy.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Liuxing Qin, Wenchun Fan, Feiteng Zheng, Huanchun Chen, Ping Qian, Xiangmin Li
Summary: Swine are important intermediate hosts in the cycle of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. This study identified swine interferon alpha-inducible protein 6 (sIFI6) as a host factor that possesses antiviral activity against JEV. The results showed that overexpression of sIFI6 inhibited JEV infection, while sIFI6 knockdown enhanced JEV infection in PK-15 cells. The study also found that the antiviral activity of sIFI6 was regulated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related protein, Bip.
JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Chenxi Li, Xuan Chen, Jingbo Hu, Daoyuan Jiang, Demin Cai, Yanhua Li
Summary: This study established a reverse genetics system for the GI JEV strain (YZ-1) and generated a reporter virus (rGI-Gluc) by inserting a gaussia luciferase (Gluc) expression cassette into the JEV genome. The reporter virus remained genetically stable for at least ten passages in vitro and was used for antiviral drug screening and neutralizing antibody detection against the GI JEV.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Paulina Koszalka, Ankita George, Vijaykrishna Dhanasekaran, Aeron C. Hurt, Kanta Subbarao
Summary: Combination therapy with influenza drugs baloxavir and oseltamivir can reduce the selection of viruses with reduced drug susceptibility. In animal models, combination therapy and monotherapy have similar effectiveness in reducing viral titers, but combination therapy can decrease the selection of viruses with reduced susceptibility to baloxavir.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Chenxi Li, Xuan Chen, Yanyang Zhou, Jingbo Hu, Xinjie Wang, Yanhua Li
Summary: This study established a yeast artificial chromosome-based reverse genetics system for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and developed an image-based antiviral assay using recombinant reporter viruses. Two broad-spectrum antiviral drugs were identified to have inhibitory effects on multiple genotypes of JEV.
ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Virology
Baldeep Khare, Richard J. Kuhn
Summary: In the past three decades, multiple flaviviruses from different antigenic groups have spread geographically, leading to the co-circulation of multiple viruses within regions. The morphological heterogeneity of flaviviruses affects antibody recognition, virus neutralization, and infection control. Cross-reactivity among flaviviruses may result in either cross-protection or disease enhancement, although the molecular determinants and mechanisms driving these outcomes are still unclear.
Article
Immunology
Shuo Zhu, Mengying Tao, Yunchuan Li, Xugang Wang, Zikai Zhao, Yixin Liu, Qi Li, Qiuyan Li, Yanbo Lu, Youhui Si, Shengbo Cao, Jing Ye
Summary: This study found that infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) leads to an increase in H3K27me3 modification in microglial cells and mouse brain. Inhibiting H3K27me3 modification significantly reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production during JEV infection, indicating its crucial role in the neuroinflammatory response. The increased H3K27me3 modification of E3 ubiquitin ligases following JEV infection leads to downregulation of Rnf19a expression and negative regulation of the neuroinflammatory response.
JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Weijia Zhang, Qikai Yin, Huanyu Wang, Guodong Liang
Summary: The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has five genotypes, with genotypes 1 and 3 historically being more active. Genotypes 4 and 5 have remained silent in low-latitude tropical regions. However, in recent years, genotype 5 emerged in mosquitoes from Tibet and South Korea, leading to cases of viral encephalitis. Similarly, genotype 4 emerged in Australia, causing a local outbreak. These new genotypes present challenges for the prevention and control of Japanese encephalitis.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Shaun Joe, Abdul Ajees Abdul Salam, Ujjwal Neogi, Naren N. Babu, Piya Paul Mudgal
Summary: Japanese encephalitis is one of the most common viral encephalitis in Asia. Despite the lack of licensed anti-JE drugs, researchers have made promising advancements and several candidate molecules are currently in clinical trials. Effective therapy against JEV is expected to be achieved soon with drug combinations and targeted drug delivery systems.
PHARMACOLOGICAL REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Plant Sciences
Caitlin W. Lehman, Kylene Kehn-Hall, Megha Aggarwal, Nicole R. Bracci, Han-Chi Pan, Lauren Panny, Robert A. Lamb, Shih-Chao Lin
Summary: Resveratrol has been shown to inhibit Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) replication, increase cell viability, reduce virion production, and interfere with viral attachment and entry. Additionally, its antiviral activity may be associated with the suppression of apoptotic signaling adaptors and decreased phosphorylation of the AKT/GSK-3 pathway during VEEV infection.
Article
Chemistry, Medicinal
Sangwoo Nam, Hyo Gyeong Na, Eun Hye Oh, Eunhye Jung, Yeon Hee Lee, Eun Ju Jeong, Yu-Da Ou, Bin Zhou, Sunjoo Ahn, Jin Soo Shin, Soo Bong Han, Yun Young Go
Summary: A series of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives with antiviral activity against Zika virus (ZIKV) infection were identified and 28 new compounds were designed, synthesized, and evaluated. Among these compounds, 4-(5-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)aniline showed potent antiviral activity against ZIKV infections and also exhibited activity against other viruses of the Flaviviridae family.
ARCHIVES OF PHARMACAL RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Chongxiao Xu, Weijia Zhang, Yuefeng Pan, Guowei Wang, Qikai Yin, Shihong Fu, Fan Li, Ying He, Songtao Xu, Zhenhai Wang, Guodong Liang, Kai Nie, Huanyu Wang
Summary: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The research on JE has been ongoing for nearly 90 years, mainly in Asia. The analysis of English publications shows an increasing number of studies on JE, with a focus on the pathogenic mechanism of the virus, outbreak control, and immunization.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Chenxi Li, Linjie Zhang, Xuan Chen, Daoyuan Jiang, Jingbo Hu, Jinyao Guo, Jingjing Ding, Xue Jiao, Wenbin Bao, Yanhua Li
Summary: This study evaluated the potential of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) as a stable vector for gene delivery. Using JEV genotype I (GI) as the backbone, a series of recombinant viruses expressing different foreign genes were successfully generated. These recombinant viruses exhibited excellent genetic stability and efficient expression of foreign genes for at least ten serial passages in vitro. In a mouse vaccination model, the recombinant viruses were able to induce antibody responses. Therefore, GI JEV strains have the potential to serve as viral vectors for the expression of large foreign genes.
ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH
(2023)
Review
Infectious Diseases
Allison M. Hitchcock, Wesley D. Kufel, Keri A. Mastro Dwyer, Eric F. Sidman
Summary: Lenacapavir is a novel HIV-1 treatment option for patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR) HIV-1 infection. It has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile and has shown good tolerability and efficacy in clinical trials.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
(2024)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Roberta Gagliardini, Alessandro Tavelli, Stefano Rusconi, Sergio Lo Caputo, Vincenzo Spagnuolo, Maria Mercedes Santoro, Andrea Costantini, Alessandra Vergori, Franco Maggiolo, Andrea Giacomelli, Giulia Burastero, Giordano Madeddu, Eugenia Quiros Roldan, Antonella d'Arminio Monforte, Andrea Antinori, Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri
Summary: This study evaluated multiple treatment failures to modern antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected individuals and found that approximately 4% of them were difficult to treat. The difficult to treat group, compared to the non-difficult to treat group, was characterized by older age, higher prevalence of AIDS, lower CD4+ cell count, and higher risk of treatment failure.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
(2024)
