Article
Immunology
Huanyu Jiang, Yubiao Zhang, Geliang Hu, Xiaobin Shang, Jianghua Ming, Ming Deng, Yaming Li, Yonggang Ma, Shiqing Liu, Yan Zhou
Summary: The study reveals the important role of surfactant protein D (SP-D) in regulating inflammation and immune response in osteoarthritis (OA). SP-D exhibits chondroprotective properties by downregulating inflammation-related genes, suppressing cytokine production, and reducing infiltration of inflammatory cells. The binding of SP-D to the TLR4/MD-2 complex further inhibits TLR4-mediated signaling activation. These findings suggest that SP-D has a beneficial effect in attenuating inflammation and preserving cartilage integrity in OA.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Antonios Lazaridis, Eleni Gavriilaki, Stella Douma, Eugenia Gkaliagkousi
Summary: Essential hypertension is a highly heterogeneous disease with a complex etiology, where subclinical inflammation and abnormal activation of TLR signaling play crucial roles in its pathogenesis.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Sandra Santos-Sierra
Summary: Inflammatory arthritis is a group of diseases caused by dysregulated immune system activity, and various medications are used to control the excessive immune response. However, drug resistances, flare-reactions, and adverse effects to current therapies are common in affected patients.
Review
Immunology
Jae-Min Yuk, Eun-Jin Park, In Soo Kim, Eun-Kyeong Jo
Summary: Itaconate is an important immunometabolite with anti-infective and anti-inflammatory properties. Its derivatives and isomers have potential as drugs for inflammation and infection. However, the exact mechanisms of action and the therapeutic potential of Itaconate are not fully understood due to contradictory results and a lack of clinical data. Further research is needed to understand how itaconate exerts its effects and to explore its therapeutic applications.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jinta Asami, Toshiyuki Shimizu
Summary: TLRs are crucial in recognizing pathogenic molecular patterns and initiating immune responses. Recent advances in structural and mechanistic studies have provided insights into the activation and inhibition mechanisms of TLRs, enhancing our understanding of their functional properties.
Article
Fisheries
Hansam Cho, Ki Hoon Park, Yuyeon Jang, Yeondong Cho, Yoon-Ki Heo, Minjee Kim, Young Bong Kim
Summary: Outbreaks of infectious disease in shrimp pose a serious threat to shrimp agriculture worldwide. Shrimp lack adaptive immunity and rely solely on innate immunity for defense against infectious disease. Toll-like receptors play a critical role in the shrimp innate immune system, with the identification of a new Toll-like receptor gene (MnToll) in Macrobrachium nipponense potentially involved in defense against WSSV.
FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Allison M. Owen, Liming Luan, Katherine R. R. Burelbach, Margaret A. A. McBride, Cody L. L. Stothers, Olivia A. A. Boykin, Kalkena Sivanesam, Jessica F. F. Schaedel, Tazeen K. K. Patil, Jingbin Wang, Antonio Hernandez, Naeem K. K. Patil, Edward R. R. Sherwood, Julia K. K. Bohannon
Summary: Immunocompromised populations are at high risk of life-threatening infections, and strategies to protect these patients are urgently needed. This study explores the use of trained immunity, which enhances the immune response to subsequent infections, as a promising approach. The researchers demonstrate that the MyD88-dependent signaling pathway plays a critical role in TLR-mediated trained immunity, providing valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying this process.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jin-ichi Inokuchi, Hirotaka Kanoh
Summary: GM3 molecular species are disease-related endogenous TLR4 ligands that modulate homeostatic and pathogenic innate immune responses, with different fatty acid structures of GM3 acting as pro- or anti-inflammatory TLR4 ligands.
FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Luke S. Uebelhoer, Agnes Gwela, Bonnie Thiel, Sophie Nalukwago, John Mukisa, Christopher Lwanga, Justine Getonto, Emily Nyatichi, Grace Dena, Alexander Makazi, Shalton Mwaringa, Ezekiel Mupere, James A. Berkley, Christina L. Lancioni, Childhood Acute Illness
Summary: Severely ill children in low- and middle-income countries experience high mortality rates from infectious diseases, and the risk of infection-related death is compounded by undernutrition. This study found that T cell function is impaired and innate immune responses are exaggerated in acutely ill children. Nutritional status is associated with the magnitude of cytokine responses. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of innate immune dysregulation in this population.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Yanqin Du, Jun Wu, Jia Liu, Xin Zheng, Dongliang Yang, Mengji Lu
Summary: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant global burden, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in immune response. However, HBV has developed strategies to inhibit TLR responses, limiting host immune response and promoting viral persistence. Recent studies indicate that stimulation of TLR signaling pathway enhances host immune response and suppresses HBV replication. These findings provide important insights for the use of TLR agonists as immunomodulators in the functional cure of HBV.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh, Michinori Kohara, Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
Summary: This review discusses the importance of TLR responses in HCV infection and the mechanisms adopted by HCV to avoid immune surveillance mediated by TLRs.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
K. Stejskalova, E. Janova, P. Splichalova, J. Futas, J. Oppelt, R. Vodicka, P. Horin
Summary: The diversity and evolution of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the Perissodactyla order, specifically the Equidae family, were analyzed. Twelve TLRs were identified, and the expression of TLR11 and TLR12 in domestic horses was confirmed. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed six sub-families within the TLR gene family. The study also observed haplotypes shared between equid species in certain TLR genes, as well as differences in selection patterns between virus-sensing and non-viral TLRs.
VETERINARY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Ella A. Zuiderwijk-Sick, Celine van der Putten, Raissa Timmerman, Jennifer Veth, Erica M. Pasini, Linda van Straalen, Paul van der Valk, Sandra Amor, Jeffrey J. Bajramovic
Summary: Exposure to IL-4 induces changes in the cell surface protein expression profile of primary rhesus macaque microglia and enhances their potential to induce proliferation of T cells with a regulatory signature. Additionally, IL-4 exposure broadly impairs TLR-induced cytokine production and inhibits microglial innate immune responses.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine
Jose Dopico, Joao Botelho, Alberto Ouro, Clara Dominguez, Vanessa Machado, Marta Aramburu-Nunez, Antia Custodia, Teresa Blanco, Maria Vazquez-Reza, Daniel Romaus-Sanjurjo, Juan Blanco, Rogelio Leira, Tomas Sobrino, Yago Leira
Summary: This study found that patients with periodontitis had higher expression of TLRs, cFN, and IL-6, which were associated with the occurrence of periodontitis.
JOURNAL OF PERIODONTOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Risa Tamagawa-Mineoka
Summary: The skin acts as a physical barrier and toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a role in both infectious and non-infectious inflammatory diseases. In atopic dermatitis (AD), skin barrier dysfunction allows stimuli to penetrate the skin and activate the innate immune system, leading to inflammation.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)