Journal
IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS
Volume 47, Issue 9, Pages 2199-2215Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2012.2197239
Keywords
Dual-path architecture; energy combining; energy harvesting; energy scavenging; inductor sharing; maximum power point tracking; perturb and observe; photovoltaic cell; piezoelectric harvester; thermoelectric generator; wireless sensor nodes
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Funding
- Interconnect Focus Center, one of the six research centers under the FCRP, a SRC program
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A platform architecture combining energy from solar, thermal, and vibration sources is presented. A dual-path architecture for energy harvesting is employed that has a peak efficiency improvement of 11%-13% over the traditional two-stage approach. The system implemented consists of a reconfigurable multi-input, multi-output switch matrix that combines energy from three distinct energy-harvesting sources-photovoltaic, thermoelectric, and piezoelectric. The system can handle input voltages from 20 mV to 5 V and is capable of extracting maximum power from individual harvesters all at the same time utilizing a single inductor. A proposed time-based power monitor is used for achieving maximum power point tracking for the photovoltaic harvester. This has a peak tracking efficiency of 96%. The peak efficiencies achieved with inductor sharing are 83%, 58%, and 79% for photovoltaic boost, thermoelectric boost, and piezoelectric buck-boost converters, respectively. The switch matrix and the control circuits are implemented on a 0.35-mu m CMOS process.
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