Tsegaye Alemayehu
Ethiopia Hawassa University
Published in 2019
- HIGH BURDEN OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS CAUSED BY MULTI-DRUG RE-SISTANT PATHOGENS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS AT HAWASSA UNIVERSITY COMPREHENSIVE SPECIALIZED HOSPITAL
- Authors: Tsegaye Alemayehu
- Journal: Ethiopian Medical Journal
- Description:
- Background: Pediatric patients are at increased risk of nosocomial infections with multi-drug resistant pathogens which are more prevalent in the hospital environment. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of nosocomial infections, antibiotic resistance pattern of bacterial isolates and associated factors in pediatric pa-tients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from March to August, 2016. Data included socio-demographic and clinical variables in patients clinically suspected of having nosocomial infections and collected using a structured questionnaire. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test was done with stan-dard microbiological methods. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 20 and p value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Out of 939 children admitted to the hospital, 384 patients (40.9%) were clinically suspected and had 462 nosocomial infections. Blood stream infection was the most common site of nosocomial infections. Culture con-firmed nosocomial infections were reported in 82 patients (21.4%; 95% CI, 17.2-25.8%) with 88 isolates. Among the most frequently isolated bacteria, 21 (23.9%) were Klebsiella spp, and 16 (18.2%) were S. aureus, 62.5% of which were methicillin resistant. Among all bacterial pathogens, 88.9% were multi-drug resistant. Extremely high (97.9%) multi-drug resistance was associated with Gram negative bacteria. Among these, all isolates, except E. coli, were 100% multi-drug resistant. Long hospital stay and malnutrition were significantly associated with noso-comial infections. Conclusion: The high prevalence of nosocomial infections with multi-drug resistant bacteria suggests the need for proper implementation of the nosocomial infections prevention and control measures. Keywords: Nosocomial infection, multi-drug resistance, pediatrics, Ethiopia BACKGROUND Nosocomial infection (NI), also called hospital ac-quired infections (HAI) is defined as localized or sys-temic infection contracted from hospital after 48 hours of stay or more by a patient, admitted for a reason other than that specific infection(1, 2). The increased use of antimicrobial agents and advance in life saving medical practices which expose the patients to inva-sive procedures, are associated with the ever increas-ing Nis, particularly in developing countries where there is poor infection prevention practice (3-5). Blood stream infection (BSI), urinary tract infection (UTI), surgical site infection (SSI) and respiratory tract infection (RTI) are among the most frequently reported sites of NIs (2,3,6). NIs are
Published in 2019
- Soil-Transmitted Helminths And Other Intestinal Parasites Among Schoolchildren In Southern Ethiopia
- Authors: Tsegaye alemayehu
- Journal: Dove medical press
- Description:
- Background: Intestinal parasitic infections are the neglected tropical diseases that have a devastating effect and leads to malnutrition, morbidity and mortality in schoolchildren. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of soil-transmitted and other intestinal parasites among schoolchildren in southern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Gara Riketa primary school children at Hawassa Tula Sub-City, Southern Ethiopia from March 1 to April 20, 2017. The parent of participating children was interviewed with a structured questionnaire to collect the sociodemographic and risk factors data. Well-trained laboratory technicians were involved in the stool examination through direct and concentration methods. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. ORs at 95% CI were considered as a statistically significant association with a p-value < 0.05. Results: Out of 384 schoolchildren enrolled for the study, 260 (67.7%) were infected with one or more intestinal parasites. The predominantly identified parasite was Ascaris lumbricoides 146 (38.0%) followed by hookworms 12 (3.1%). The study showed that intestinal parasitic infections have a statistically significant association with being in 4th grade, the mother´s educational status (grade 9–12), having cut nails and washing hands before eating. Conclusion: The rates of soil-transmitted helminths and other intestinal parasitic infections were very high in Gara Riketa primary school children. Based on the statistical analysis, hygiene and nail clipping are important habits to prevent infection with intestinal parasites. Keywords: Hawassa, intestinal parasites, prevalence, risk factors, schoolchildren
Published in 2019
- Cryptosporidiosis And Other Intestinal Parasitic Infections And Concomitant Threats Among HIV-Infected Children In Southern Ethiopia Receiving First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy
- Authors: Tsegaye Alemayehu
- Journal: Dove Medical press
- Description:
- Background: Children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at high risk of acquiring intestinal parasitic infections. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of Cryptosporidium and other intestinal parasitic infections and concomitant threats among HIV-infected children. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out at three antiretroviral therapy clinics in southern Ethiopia from February 2016 to June 2017 in 384 HIV positive children. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaires. Direct stool microscopic examination and modified Zeihl–Neelsen staining technique to identify parasites. Chi-square test was conducted to determine the real predictors of the infection. Significant association was considered when p-value <0.05 at 95% CI. Results: The overall magnitude of intestinal parasitic infections among the study population was 16.9% (95% CI: 13.0–20.8%). The most predominant parasitic infections were Cryptosporidium spp. (9.6%) and the least was Taenia spp. (0.78%). Diarrheal status (χ2=7.653, df=2, p=0.022) was detected to be the only significant associated variable. Conclusion: Cryptosporidium infection was found to be the most common intestinal parasitosis among HIV-infected children. Routine screening service for Cryptosporidium and other intestinal parasites is important in the clinical management of HIV-infected children. Keywords: intestinal parasites, Cryptosporidium, HIV/AIDS, Southern Ethiopia
Published in 2019
- Cryptosporidiosis And Other Intestinal Parasitic Infections And Concomitant Threats Among HIV-Infected Children In Southern Ethiopia Receiving First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy
- Authors: Tsegaye Alemayehu
- Journal: Dove Medical press
- Description:
- Background: Children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at high risk of acquiring intestinal parasitic infections. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of Cryptosporidium and other intestinal parasitic infections and concomitant threats among HIV-infected children. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out at three antiretroviral therapy clinics in southern Ethiopia from February 2016 to June 2017 in 384 HIV positive children. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaires. Direct stool microscopic examination and modified Zeihl–Neelsen staining technique to identify parasites. Chi-square test was conducted to determine the real predictors of the infection. Significant association was considered when p-value <0.05 at 95% CI. Results: The overall magnitude of intestinal parasitic infections among the study population was 16.9% (95% CI: 13.0–20.8%). The most predominant parasitic infections were Cryptosporidium spp. (9.6%) and the least was Taenia spp. (0.78%). Diarrheal status (χ2=7.653, df=2, p=0.022) was detected to be the only significant associated variable. Conclusion: Cryptosporidium infection was found to be the most common intestinal parasitosis among HIV-infected children. Routine screening service for Cryptosporidium and other intestinal parasites is important in the clinical management of HIV-infected children. Keywords: intestinal parasites, Cryptosporidium, HIV/AIDS, Southern Ethiopia
Published in 2019
- The burden of antimicrobial resistance at tertiary care hospital, southern Ethiopia: a three years’ retrospective study
- Authors: Tsegaye alemayehu
- Journal: BMC Infectious disease
- Description:
- Background: Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide problem that crosses international boundaries and spread between continents easily. Hence, information on the existence of the causative microorganisms and their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics are essential to enhance therapeutic outcome. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted retrospectively at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. The culture and antibiotic sensitivity data of the isolates were collected from the record books of the microbiology unit for the study period after official permission obtained from the institutional review board. The data entered and analyzed using statistical package for social science software version 20. Result: A total of 693 bacteria were retrieved, of these 435(62.77%) were gram-negative and the rest 258(37.23%) were gram-positive. Most of the isolates were from a urine sample. Among gram positives isolates, S. aureus and from gram negatives Klebsiella spp are the most recurrent isolate. Almost a remarkable resistance was observed to most of the antibiotics mainly, penicillin G (81.8%) and cotrimoxazole (81.1%), for gram-positive bacteria. The gramnegative bacteria also show resistance to ampicillin (92.5%), tetracycline (85%) and cotrimoxazole (93.1%). Conclusions: Nearly all isolate show substantial rates of resistance to most of the antibiotic that is frequently used in the study area. As already known we want to emphases on the importance of performing continuous monitoring of drug susceptibility to help the empirical treatment of bacterial agents to a health professional in the region. In addition, this data might help policymakers to control of antibiotics resistance. Keywords: Antibiotics resistance, Clinical samples, Southern Ethiopia