Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yu-Ran Lee, Hee-Kyoung Joo, Eun-Ok Lee, Sungmin Kim, Hao Jin, Yeon-Hee Choi, Cuk-Seong Kim, Byeong-Hwa Jeon
Summary: The study found that 17β-estradiol is the most effective hormone in inducing APE1/Ref-1 secretion, which may occur through exosomes dependent on ER and intracellular calcium.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Lauren Sahakian, Ainsley M. Robinson, Linda Sahakian, Rhian Stavely, Mark R. Kelley, Kulmira Nurgali
Summary: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The prevalence of IBD is increasing worldwide, calling for the development of new treatments. APE1/Ref-1 has been identified as a potential target for IBD therapy due to its role in regulating crucial pathways in inflammatory diseases. This review discusses the current status of IBD treatments, the role of APE1/Ref-1 in intestinal inflammation, and the potential of small molecule inhibitors to modulate inflammation and oxidative stress in IBD.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Arianna Barchiesi, Veronica Bazzani, Agata Jabczynska, Lukasz S. Borowski, Silke Oeljeklaus, Bettina Warscheid, Agnieszka Chacinska, Roman J. Szczesny, Carlo Vascotto
Summary: APE1 is a versatile protein involved in DNA repair, gene expression regulation, and RNA metabolism in mitochondria. Loss of APE1 leads to accumulation of damaged mitochondrial mRNA, impairing protein translation and mitochondrial respiration efficiency. The data demonstrate that APE1 plays a crucial role in maintaining mitochondrial well-being.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
In Seol Yoo, Yu-Ran Lee, Seong Wook Kang, Jinhyun Kim, Hee-Kyoung Joo, Su-Jin Yoo, Chan Keol Park, Ha-Reum Lee, Ji Ah Park, Byeong-Hwa Jeon
Summary: The study demonstrates that the levels of APE1/Ref-1 are significantly elevated in the serum and synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients, and are positively correlated with disease activity.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Qi Kang, Xiaoyan Yang, Yumin Du, Yinxiao Qi, Zhiqiang He, Hua Xiang
Summary: In this study, a molecular gated hyperbranched rolling circle amplification (HRCA) quick sensing system was designed for rapid detection of APE1. The system exhibited rapid, simple, and sensitive APE1 detection and showed potential therapeutic applications for cancer treatment.
MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Anastasiia T. Davletgildeeva, Alexandra A. Kuznetsova, Darya S. Novopashina, Alexander A. Ishchenko, Murat Saparbaev, Olga S. Fedorova, Nikita A. Kuznetsov
Summary: AP-endonucleases are multifunctional enzymes that are required for cell viability. In this study, the effect of metal ions on the exo- and endonuclease activities of four homologous APE1-like endonucleases was analyzed. It was found that these enzymes showed similar dependence patterns on metal ions' concentrations in terms of AP-endonuclease activity. The efficiency of the 3'-5' exonuclease activity was highest in hAPE1, while the endoribonuclease activity varied among the enzymes. These findings indicate that substrate specificity and cleavage efficiency are controlled by factors external to the catalytic site.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Suravi Pramanik, Yingling Chen, Heyu Song, Irine Khutsishvili, Luis A. Marky, Sutapa Ray, Amarnath Natarajan, Pankaj K. Singh, Kishor K. Bhakat
Summary: This study identifies a novel role for the protein APE1 in regulating stable G4 formation and KRAS expression in PDAC, suggesting that G4 structures could be potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for PDAC.
NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Xiuwei Wang, Huixuan Yue, Shen Li, Jin Guo, Zhen Guan, Zhiqiang Zhu, Bo Niu, Ting Zhang, Jianhua Wang
Summary: The study found significant associations between three polymorphisms of APE1/Ref-1 and NTD subtypes, suggesting that APE1/Ref-1 may be a potential genetic risk factor for encephalocele in high-risk areas of NTDs in China.
REPRODUCTIVE SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Nicole M. Hoitsma, Timothy H. Click, Pratul K. Agarwal, Bret D. Freudenthal
Summary: The study provides insights into the processing of abasic ribonucleotides (rAPs) by APE1, revealing a decrease in activity compared to canonical deoxy-AP substrates. Novel contacts between rAP and the APE1 active site were identified using X-ray crystallography, showing accommodation of the rAP sugar pucker in a C3'-endo conformation. This work advances the understanding of ribonucleotide processing within genomic DNA.
COMPUTATIONAL AND STRUCTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Anastasiia T. Davletgildeeva, Alexander A. Ishchenko, Murat Saparbaev, Olga S. Fedorova, Nikita A. Kuznetsov
Summary: The study compared conformational changes of three homologous APE1-like endonucleases during their interaction with different damaged DNA substrates, outlining a model of substrate recognition by this class of enzymes. Differences in rates of DNA substrate binding did not significantly affect cleavage efficiency, indicating that enzyme-substrate complex formation is not the limiting factor for enzyme turnover; mechanisms of damage recognition and cleavage efficacy are related to fine conformational tuning inside the active site.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Huanhuan Wang, Linghao Zhang, Huaqing Sun, Shufeng Xu, Kun Li, Xin Su
Summary: In this study, we developed an inhibitory aptamer for APE1 using SELEX technology. The aptamer showed high binding affinity and could entirely inhibit the activity of APE1. These aptamers can be utilized for early cancer diagnosis and treatment, as well as a valuable tool for studying the function of APE1.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Gabriella D. Hartman, Nathan A. Lambert-Cheatham, Mark R. Kelley, Timothy W. Corson
Summary: As global population ages, the prevalence of neovascular eye diseases is increasing, highlighting the importance of developing therapies targeting multiple pathways to alleviate the burden and risks associated with current treatments.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
David J. Lopez, Jose A. Rodriguez, Sonia Banuelos
Summary: APE1, a crucial enzyme in DNA repair pathways, has additional functions beyond its endonuclease activity, including redox regulation of transcription factors and involvement in RNA metabolism. The N-terminal region of APE1 plays a significant role in regulating its function, particularly through interactions with nucleophosmin.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Kaili Long, Lili Gu, Lulu Li, Ziyu Zhang, Enjie Li, Yilan Zhang, Lingfeng He, Feiyan Pan, Zhigang Guo, Zhigang Hu
Summary: APE1 plays a critical role in NSCLC and its inhibitor NO.0449-0145 induces DNA damage and cell death, overcoming resistance to traditional chemotherapy in NSCLC cells. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting APE1 in NSCLC and developing small-molecule drugs for the treatment of other cancers.
CELL DEATH & DISEASE
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Yuqiang Hu, Zhen Zhang, Weicong Ye, Wei Zhang, Minghao Hu, Wenqian Yuan, Hongbo Wang, Xianjin Xiao, Tongbo Wu
Summary: Human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is a key player in DNA repair and gene regulation, with abnormal variations of its concentration in human blood and tissue cells being highly correlated to various diseases. This study introduces a DNA structure-mediated fluorescent biosensor for detecting APE1 activity with high sensitivity and selectivity. Through clever design, the biosensor improves APE1 reactivity and minimizes interference from other enzymes, achieving a low detection limit of 1.7 x 10(-6) U/mL and successful application in real biological samples and screening of APE1 inhibitors.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2021)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Ramesh Sharma, Michiko Nakamura, Chiranjivi Neupane, Byeong Hwa Jeon, Hyewon Shin, Susan M. Melnick, Kelli J. Glenn, Il-Sung Jang, Jin Bong Park
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Shuyu Piao, Ikjun Lee, Seon-Ah Jin, Seonhee Kim, Harsha Nagar, Su-jeong Choi, Byeong Hwa Jeon, Cuk-Seong Kim
Summary: Deletion of CRIF1 in endothelial cells leads to impaired cardiac function, likely due to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, and decreased expression of SIRT1. The SIRT1 inducer SRT1720 improves cardiac dysfunction by activating endothelial nitric oxide synthase, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting inflammation.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
In Seol Yoo, Yu-Ran Lee, Seong Wook Kang, Jinhyun Kim, Hee-Kyoung Joo, Su-Jin Yoo, Chan Keol Park, Ha-Reum Lee, Ji Ah Park, Byeong-Hwa Jeon
Summary: The study demonstrates that the levels of APE1/Ref-1 are significantly elevated in the serum and synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients, and are positively correlated with disease activity.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ikjun Lee, Shuyu Piao, Seonhee Kim, Harsha Nagar, Su-Jeong Choi, Byeong Hwa Jeon, Sang-Ha Oh, Kaikobad Irani, Cuk-Seong Kim
Summary: The deletion of CRIF1 in endothelial cells led to increased homocysteine accumulation, decreased levels of folate cycle intermediates, and disrupted DHFR expression and activity. Supplementation with folic acid could not reverse this effect, but overexpression of DHFR reduced homocysteine accumulation in CRIF1 knockdown cells.
Editorial Material
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Byeong Hwa Jeon
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yu-Ran Lee, Eun Young Bae, Hong Ryang Kil, Byeong-Hwa Jeon, Geena Kim
Summary: This study investigated the association between APE1/Ref-1 and Kawasaki disease (KD). The results showed that APE1/Ref-1 levels were significantly higher in KD patients, especially in refractory KD. APE1/Ref-1 could be a beneficial biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of KD.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Su-jeong Choi, Harsha Nagar, Jun Wan Lee, Seonhee Kim, Ikjun Lee, Shuyu Piao, Byeong Hwa Jeon, Cuk-Seong Kim
Summary: This study found that IDH2 deficiency induced increased expression of SDC2 in endothelial cells, with MMP7 and TGF-beta signaling playing regulatory roles. UTI could reverse the increase in SDC2, MMP7, and TGF-beta signaling caused by IDH2 deficiency.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Sunga Choi, Yu-Ran Lee, Ki-Mo Kim, Euna Choi, Byeong-Hwa Jeon
Summary: The regulation of inflammatory signaling in the tumor microenvironment using adenoviral-mediated PPTLS-APE1/Ref-1 can inhibit the activity of inflammatory immune cells and cancer cells, providing a potential therapeutic strategy for treating triple-negative breast cancer.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Sungmin Kim, Yu-Ran Lee, Eun-Ok Lee, Hao Jin, Yeon-Hee Choi, Hee-Kyoung Joo, Byeong-Hwa Jeon
Summary: This study found that dietary capsanthin has anti-inflammatory and anti-vascular inflammation effects on atherosclerotic mice, reducing plaque formation and inflammatory marker levels.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Eun-Ok Lee, Hee-Kyoung Joo, Yu-Ran Lee, Sungmin Kim, Kwon-Ho Lee, Sang-Do Lee, Byeong-Hwa Jeon
Summary: Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is involved in DNA repair and redox regulation. It inhibits adipocyte differentiation by regulating adipogenic transcription factors, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target for regulating adipocyte differentiation.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Shuyu Piao, Ikjun Lee, Seonhee Kim, Hyewon Park, Harsha Nagar, Su-Jeong Choi, Giang-Huong Vu, Minsoo Kim, Eun-Ok Lee, Byeong-Hwa Jeon, Dong Woon Kim, Youngduk Seo, Cuk-Seong Kim
Summary: This study investigates the role of CRIF1 deficiency in modulating mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system dysfunction and its antitumor effects in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. CRIF1 silencing decreases the assembly of mitochondrial OXPHOS complexes, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Inhibition of CRIF1 suppresses cell proliferation and inhibits cell migration in MCF-7 cells, and intratumoral injection of CRIF1 siRNA nanoparticles inhibits tumor growth in MCF-7 xenograft mice.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ikjun Lee, Shuyu Piao, Seonhee Kim, Harsha Nagar, Su-jeong Choi, Minsoo Kim, Giang-Huong Vu, Byeong-Hwa Jeon, Cuk-Seong Kim
Summary: Endothelial senescence impairs vascular function and is a major factor in age-related vasculature diseases. IDH2 is involved in the production of alpha-ketoglutarate and preservation of mitochondrial function. However, the mechanism and regulation of IDH2 in endothelial senescence have not been fully understood.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Thi Hoa Pham, Gi Ho Lee, Sun Woo Jin, Seung Yeon Lee, Eun Hee Han, Nam Doo Kim, Chul Yung Choi, Gil-Saeng Jeong, Sang Ki Lee, Hyung Sik Kim, Hye Gwang Jeong
Summary: This study found that sesamin can effectively reduce lipid accumulation, alleviate lipotoxicity, and improve lipid metabolism imbalance. Additionally, sesamin can regulate key factors involved in lipogenesis and lipolysis by activating specific signaling pathways. These findings suggest that sesamin may be a promising candidate for treating hepatic steatosis.
BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Yumin Jo, Yeojung Kim, Eunhye Park, Yuran Lee, Jiyeon Kim, Minwoong Kang, Jaesung Lim, Insang Song, Chaeseong Lim, Byeonghwa Jeon
Summary: The study found that the plasma APE1/Ref-1 level of patients undergoing cancer surgery increases and is related to the degree of lymph node invasion, but is not affected by the choice of different anesthetics.
MEDICINA-LITHUANIA
(2021)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Ki Mo Kim, Joo Young Lee, Byeong Hwa Jeon, Khong Trong Quan, MinKyun Na, Kung-Woo Nam, Sungwook Chae
Summary: The study showed that dietary intake of Curcuma zedoaria extract reduced atherosclerosis in mice, along with decreasing serum triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein levels, and reducing inflammatory molecule expression.
NUTRITION RESEARCH AND PRACTICE
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Soojung Hahn, Gyuri Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Jae Hyeon Kim
Summary: This study utilized three-dimensional intestinal organoids to investigate the effects of metformin on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and found that metformin can enhance intestinal barrier function and reduce levels of inflammatory cytokines.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
V. V. Sudarev, M. S. Gette, S. V. Bazhenov, O. M. Tilinova, E. V. Zinovev, I. V. Manukhov, A. I. Kuklin, Yu. L. Ryzhykau, A. V. Vlasov
Summary: This study investigated the self-assembly processes of ferritin-based protein complexes and obtained structurally characterized oligomeric states. These results provide new potential and opportunities for the application of ferritin in various fields.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yalda Sabaghi, Farnaz Pourfarzad, Leila Zolghadr, Azita Bahrami, Tahereh Shojazadeh, Alireza Farasat, Nematollah Gheibi
Summary: p-Coumaric acid (p-CA) is a plant compound with anti-cancer activities. This study designed a nano-liposomal carrier containing p-CA to enhance its effectiveness against melanoma cells. The findings showed that the liposomal form of p-CA had a greater impact on the cells. Kinetic modeling indicated that the best fitting model was zero-order.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
M. D. Nazmul Hasan, Md Mahfuzur Rahman, Al Asmaul Husna, Nobuhiro Nozaki, Osamu Yamato, Naoki Miura
Summary: This study investigated the expression of ncRNAs other than miRNAs in different histologic subtypes of canine mammary gland tumors (MGT). Three aberrantly expressed ncRNAs were identified as potential biomarkers for differentiating MGT subtypes. YRNA and tRFs expression levels were found to be decreased in metastatic compared to primary MGT cell lines.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Seine A. Shintani
Summary: In this study, the researchers used signal analysis to study the instantaneous amplitude and phase of sarcomeric oscillations in skeletal muscle. They identified two types of oscillations, sarcomeric oscillations and sarcosynced oscillations, and visualized their behavior during propagating waves. The researchers discovered the presence of sarcomeric defect holes and sarcomeric collision holes, which are important indicators for understanding the oscillation properties of sarcomeres. This finding has important implications for improving our understanding of muscle function and its regulatory mechanisms.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Shuanglin Zhang, Yuzhong Jia, Guolan Ma, Yanyan Yang, Zhenzhen Cao, Antao Luo, Zefu Zhang, Shihan Li, Jie Wen, Hanfeng Liu, Jihua Ma
Summary: Bupleurum is an antiarrhythmic agent that may exert its effects by inhibiting L-type calcium channels.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Tomotaka Ohkubo, Yasuhiko Matsumoto, Hiroaki Sasaki, Kaoru Kinoshita, Yuki Ogasawara, Takashi Sugita
Summary: This study found that Citrobacter koseri inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis, disrupting the balance between S. epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, and exacerbating inflammation in atopic dermatitis.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Toshifumi Asano, Philipp Sasse, Takao Nakata
Summary: A Cre recombination-based fluorescent reporter system was developed to monitor cell-cell fusion. The system successfully detected the formation of multinuclear myotubes and placental syncytiotrophoblast. This tool could facilitate the study of cell-to-cell fusion.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ke Shi, Yunlong Shan, Xiao Sun, Kuida Chen, Qiong Luo, Qiang Xu
Summary: This study found that low expression of TP53INP2 is associated with poor survival in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. As the malignancy of CRC progresses, TP53INP2 expression gradually decreases. Knockdown of TP53INP2 promotes CRC cell proliferation and tumor growth. Mechanistically, TP53INP2 deficiency decreases phosphorylation of beta-catenin, leading to increased accumulation and enhanced nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity. Additionally, TP53INP2 sequesters TIM50, inhibiting its activation of beta-catenin. In conclusion, downregulation of TP53INP2 promotes CRC progression by activating beta-catenin.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Martina Rossi, Fabio Tomaselli, Alejandro Hochkoeppler
Summary: Oligomeric enzymes are known for their higher catalytic rates compared to monomeric enzymes, but the extent of additivity in their activity is still not well understood. This study used tetrameric rabbit lactate dehydrogenase as a model to examine the kinetics of its catalytic action. Surprisingly, when the concentration of the limiting reactant exceeded that of a single subunit, there was a significant slowdown in the enzyme's conformational rearrangements.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Amin Sahraei, Mohammad Javad Shamsoddini, Fakhrossadat Mohammadi, Leila Hassani
Summary: This study explored the inhibitory effects of gallium curcumin, indium curcumin, and vanadyl curcumin on the amyloid fibrillation of hen egg white lysozyme, as well as the binding interactions of these metal complexes with the enzyme. The results showed that indium curcumin and vanadyl curcumin exhibited higher binding affinities and stronger inhibitory effects on amyloid fibrillation compared to gallium curcumin.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Takahiro Sasaki, Yoshiki Kuse, Shinsuke Nakamura, Masamitsu Shimazawa
Summary: PGRN deficiency plays a significant role in cardiac remodeling and arrhythmias post-myocardial infarction (MI), potentially by promoting metabolic abnormalities in macrophages.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Hongwei Zhao, Yiqiang Li, Yibo Zhang, Chi Zhang
Summary: Electrical brain stimulation technology is commonly used to treat brain neurological disorders, but it can cause side effects. This study investigated the impact of electric fields on nerve fibers and revealed the possible origin of side effects. The findings provide guidance for selecting electrical parameters in clinical stimulation therapy.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Julia S. Scott, Lake-Ee Quek, Andrew J. Hoy, Johannes V. Swinnen, Zeyad D. Nassar, Lisa M. Butler
Summary: The fatty acid elongation enzyme ELOVL5 plays a critical role in promoting metastasis in prostate cancer. Knocking down ELOVL5 leads to the accumulation of malonyl-CoA, which inhibits fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria. This study highlights the importance of fatty acid elongation in regulating cell viability and provides a potential target for prostate cancer treatment.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Zan Zhou, Wen-jun Jiang, Li Li, Jun-qiang Si
Summary: This study investigates the effect of noise exposure on cognitive function in mice and explores the underlying molecular mechanisms. The findings suggest that noise exposure leads to increased inflammation, increased phosphorylation of Tau protein, and decreased levels of postsynaptic density protein, resulting in cognitive impairment.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)