Article
Mechanics
Behrad Asgari, Ehsan Amani
Summary: This research focuses on the development of an improved spray-wall interaction model in an Eulerian-Lagrangian framework and demonstrates its superiority in predicting spray penetration radius and height. The new model is able to significantly reduce overall error compared to other models and accurately predict detailed spray, gas, and droplet statistics.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIPHASE FLOW
(2021)
Review
Thermodynamics
Sameer Khandekar, Gopinath Sahu, K. Muralidhar, Elizaveta Ya Gatapova, Oleg A. Kabov, Run Hu, Xiaobing Luo, Liang Zhao
Summary: LEDs are popular for their wide applicability, but high-power LEDs bring challenges in heat management. Liquid jets and sprays are potential solutions for thermal management, with liquid sprays posing challenges in flow parameter management and transport physics.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Feixiang Chang, Hongliang Luo, Cheng Zhan, Keiya Nishida, Youichi Ogata
Summary: The study investigated the droplet behavior of impinging spray in direct-injection spark-ignition engines. The results showed that with an increase in injection pressure, droplet velocity at the spray tip increased dramatically, and the atomization was greatly improved. Moreover, an increase in injection pressure led to a wider range of Weber number distribution of droplets.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Hongliang Luo, Yu Jin, Keiya Nishida, Youichi Ogata, Jing Yao, Run Chen
Summary: The study demonstrates that the microscale behaviors of the spray can be clearly observed using particle image analysis, with differences in behaviors at different locations. As the spray develops, the Sauter mean diameter and mean velocity decrease, while the minimum distance increases.
Review
Thermodynamics
J. D. Benther, J. D. Pelaez-Restrepo, C. Stanley, G. Rosengarten
Summary: This article discusses the application of spray cooling and multiple droplet impingement heat transfer technology in improving spray cooling efficiency. Research shows that enhanced surfaces can enhance the outcome of spray cooling, but further studies are still needed to investigate the effects under different conditions.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jorge Duarte Benther, Vrushub Bhatt, Juan Diego Pelaez Restrepo, Cameron Stanley, Gary Rosengarten
Summary: High heat generation in the electronics industry hampers further innovations. Spray cooling is a promising technique for cooling high-temperature objects. This study investigates the fluid dynamics and heat transfer of multiple droplet impingement, providing insights for future spray cooling system design and optimization.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Mengxiao Qin, Tao Yang, Yuxin Song, Chenglong Tang, Peng Zhang
Summary: In high-temperature conditions, the subpatterns of the thin-sheet splash can be unified in a three-dimensional phase diagram, where the Leidenfrost effect becomes prominent and both deposition and thin-sheet splash transition to Leidenfrost breakup. Additionally, a scaling correlation of the transition surface temperature from thin-sheet splash to deposition was derived based on the analysis of temperature-dependent destabilizing force on the levitated lamella.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Ondrej Cejpek, Milan Maly, Vignesh Kumar Dhinasekaran, Madan Mohan Avulapati, Louis Dacanay, Jan Jedelsky
Summary: This study introduces a new type of atomizer called the impinging effervescent atomizer (IEA) and discusses its concept design, testing of spray characteristics, and performance comparison. The IEA utilizes the collision of effervescent liquid streams to enhance atomization and modify spray characteristics. Measurements using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) and high-speed visualization were conducted to investigate various spray parameters. The favorable spray characteristics of the IEA make it suitable for use in mass-transfer related processes and CO2 capture columns.
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Bo Yuan, Zhaowen Wang, Junhui Cao, Yuhan Huang, Yuan Shen, Zhihui Song, Huali Zhao, Xiaobei Cheng
Summary: Under the background of energy saving and emission reduction, methanol is considered an ideal alternative fuel for gasoline due to its renewability, high combustion efficiency, and low emissions. However, the cold start of methanol port fuel injection engines is an issue. To comprehensively understand the feasibility and mechanisms of methanol as a substitute for gasoline, evaporation characteristics of methanol and gasoline droplets at low temperatures were investigated. Additionally, the effects of various factors on spray characteristics and spray impingement on a valve were studied. Methanol showed potential as a substitute for gasoline when considering inlet flow and low injection pressure, but may not be suitable for direct valve impact.
ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jorge Duarte Benther, Juan Diego Pelaez Restrepo, Cameron Stanley, Gary Rosengarten
Summary: This study investigates the interaction between droplets and surfaces with different wettabilities in spray cooling, comparing the heat transfer performance of uncoated and coated surfaces. Results show that the uncoated surface has higher heat transfer rates compared to the coated one, with higher droplet velocities leading to increased heat transfer. The reduced cooling performance of successive droplets on uncoated surfaces is due to thermal resistance and damping effects from the first droplet.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jilin Lei, Jianwei Li, Yi Liu
Summary: This study comprehensively investigates the specific drop splashing and film spreading process on ultracold surfaces. It is found that the splashing process becomes more severe at -30 degrees C, accompanied by the production of more and faster secondary droplets. The film spreading process does not differ significantly in the early spreading phase. An improved dimensionless spreading factor is proposed to describe the spreading dynamics. In the later spreading phase, the liquid film spreads faster on warmer surfaces and retracts slightly, while on cold surfaces, it continues stretching for a longer time.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Dongfang Wang, Zhongjie Shi, Ziming Yang, Haiyan Chen, Manlin Wang, Yikai Li
Summary: The heat transfer between the wall and spray has a significant impact on the ignition characteristics of diesel engines. The interaction between the spray and wall leads to smaller droplet size and more small and large droplets compared to free spray. This interaction increases the total surface area of the droplets and promotes heat transfer, which is beneficial for the ignition process. However, when the wall temperature is low, the spray is cooled by the wall, inhibiting ignition.
Article
Thermodynamics
Jorge Duarte Benther, Benjamin Wilson, Paula Andreia Petrini, Petros Lappas, Gary Rosengarten
Summary: This study investigates the spreading characteristics and heat transfer of a single ferrofluid droplet impinging onto dry solid surfaces with and without a magnetic field. The results show that the magnetic field improves the cooling performance of the ferrofluid droplet by increasing the spreading diameter and suppressing droplet rebound. The highest heat transfer rates were observed on the pure silicon substrate, while the superhydrophobic surface achieved significantly higher heat transfer rate in the presence of a magnetic field.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Haoyu Ding, Jin Zhao, Zhenyu Zhang, Kai Xu, Luxin Fu, Xu He
Summary: The factors influencing the formation of impinged spray are analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. Free spray and impinging sprays with three impinging distances are simulated using the Eulerian-Lagrangian multiphase method. The results are validated with experimental data. The impact of air flow, generated by gas entrainment of spray, also influences the spray.
Article
Thermodynamics
Fangfang Zhang, Xiangyu Li, Huajie Li, Jingdan Tang, Gang Chen, Leigang Zhang, Guopei Li
Summary: The impingement dynamics of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim]Ac) ionic liquid droplets on a mildly heated solid wall were studied. The impingement dynamics of water, 60 wt% IL aqueous solution, and pure IL droplets were compared, and the spreading characteristics of 60 wt% IL aqueous solution droplets under different impact velocities and surface temperatures were discussed.
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS IN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Mao Lin, Xiaoteng Zhang, Mingsheng Wen, Chuanqi Zhang, Xiangen Kong, Zhiyang Jin, Zunqing Zheng, Haifeng Liu
Summary: Upgrading fuel quality has become one of the most important trends in the development of internal combustion engines in order to meet stricter emissions and fuel consumption regulations. This study found that adding unconventional additives to gasoline can decrease fuel consumption and gaseous emissions, as well as shorten acceleration time.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yanqing Cui, Haifeng Liu, Mingsheng Wen, Lei Feng, Can Wang, Zhenyang Ming, Zhao Zhang, Zunqing Zheng, Hua Zhao, Xinyan Wang, Long Liu, Mingfa Yao
Summary: This study investigates two modes of dual-fuel combustion using methanol and examines their combustion characteristics using an optical engine and chemical kinetics simulation. The results show that methanol ATAC and RCCI exhibit different combustion behaviors and can be further improved by adjusting parameters.
Review
Energy & Fuels
Junheng Liu, Lejian Wang, Pan Wang, Ping Sun, Haifeng Liu, Zhongwei Meng, Lidong Zhang, Hongjie Ma
Summary: The application of Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE), an oxygenated alternative fuel, in diesel engines shows promising results in terms of combustion and emission characteristics. PODE has advantages in reducing emissions of particulate matter and greenhouse gases, achieving carbon neutrality, and diversifying fuel options.
Article
Thermodynamics
Zhao Zhang, Haifeng Liu, Zongyu Yue, Yang Li, He Liang, Xiangen Kong, Zunqing Zheng, Mingfa Yao
Summary: This study investigates the effects of compressed air characteristics on the thermal-work conversion process in a diesel engine. The results indicate that the pressure and temperature of the compressed air significantly affect the thermal efficiency of the diesel engine, as well as the emissions of soot and nitrogen oxides.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREEN ENERGY
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Pawel Kolakowski, Jeffrey Dankwa Ampah, Krzysztof Wrobel, Abdulfatah Abdu Yusuf, Mateusz Gil, Sandylove Afrane, Chao Jin, Haifeng Liu
Summary: Two independently performed studies on green shipping, applying similar methods and data sets, provide an opportunity for an unbiased analysis of research factors impacting outcomes.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jeffrey Dankwa Ampah, Abdulfatah Abdu Yusuf, Ephraim Bonah Agyekum, Sandylove Afrane, Chao Jin, Haifeng Liu, Islam Md Rizwanul Fattah, Pau Loke Show, Mokhtar Shouran, Monier Habil, Salah Kamel
Summary: This review article provides an overview of the evolution and research hotspots in the field of nanoparticles in low carbon fuels, highlighting the contributions from Asian researchers, particularly from India. It discusses the application of nanoparticles in biodiesel, vegetable oil, and alcohol-based fuels, emphasizing their effect on fuel properties and engine characteristics. The review reveals that nanoparticles improve the combustion and reduce emissions in diesel engines, but also highlights the potential toxic effects on humans and animals.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Zhao Zhang, Mingsheng Wen, Yanqing Cui, Zhenyang Ming, Tongjin Wang, Chuanqi Zhang, Jeffrey Dankwa Ampah, Chao Jin, Haozhong Huang, Haifeng Liu
Summary: This study investigates the effects of blending methanol with gasoline on fuel performance and emissions. The results demonstrate that methanol blending can reduce CO2 emissions, improve pollutant emissions, and shorten acceleration time.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Chunxia Chen, Pengfei Jia, Yingjie Chen, Zhanfei Tu, Binjing Deng, Haifeng Liu, Haozhong Huang
Summary: This study investigated the combustion and emission characteristics of engines fueled with diesel from indirect coal liquefaction (DICL) and proposed a simplified mechanism consisting of 178 components and 650 reactions. The n-hexadecane (HXN) mechanism and 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane mechanism (HMN) were used to represent straight-chain paraffin and branched alkane, respectively. Through sensitivity analysis and optimization of ignition delay times, an optimized mechanism was developed and validated through numerical simulations.
Article
Thermodynamics
Zunqing Zheng, Peng Chen, Fan Zhang, Mingfa Yao, Hu Wang, Haifeng Liu
Summary: GCI offers high thermal efficiency and low emissions, but faces challenges with stable combustion at low load. Coating pistons with low thermal conductivity ceramics improves combustion stability and efficiency at low load, but has limited impact at high loads.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Haifeng Liu, Jeffrey Dankwa Ampah, Yang Zhao, Xingyu Sun, Linxun Xu, Xueli Jiang, Shuaishuai Wang
Summary: Arguably, climate change is currently one of the most important issues the world is facing. Without immediate action, the world is on track to experience extreme levels of global temperature rise due to the current rate of fossil fuel consumption. Transforming the energy system from fossil fuels to carbon-neutral alternatives requires unprecedented speed, and direct electrification alone is not enough in hard-to-abate sectors. This perspective paper discusses the roles of alternative carbon-neutral fuels and concludes with the challenges and future directions associated with them.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Xingyu Sun, Mengjia Li, Jincheng Li, Xiongbo Duan, Can Wang, Weifan Luo, Haifeng Liu, Jingping Liu
Summary: Ammonia can achieve nearly zero carbon emissions as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. Mixed combustion of ammonia with hydrocarbons can improve its combustion characteristics. The study investigates the performance of selective catalytic reduction technology in reducing emissions from ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engines.
Editorial Material
Energy & Fuels
Zongyu Yue, Haifeng Liu
Summary: The role of IC engines for future transport and energy systems is discussed in this Editorial, along with recommended research directions for advancing IC engine and fuel technologies. Finally, 14 technical papers collected for this Special Issue are introduced, covering a wide range of research topics, including diesel spray characteristics, combustion technologies for low- and zero-carbon fuels, advanced combustion mode, fuel additive effects, engine operation under extreme conditions, and advanced materials and manufacturing processes.
Review
Energy & Fuels
Chao Jin, Xiaodan Li, Teng Xu, Juntong Dong, Zhenlong Geng, Jia Liu, Chenyun Ding, Jingjing Hu, Ahmed El Alaoui, Qing Zhao, Haifeng Liu
Summary: The use of zero-carbon and carbon-neutral fuels can reduce emissions of conventional pollutants, but their combustion products can have toxic effects on human health. Metals, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia emitted from these fuels are harmful to human health, while exhaust emissions from carbon-neutral fuels cause severe cellular damage. This review provides insights for exhaust emission management and health assessment, and serves as a theoretical and experimental basis for further research.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Dongzhi Gao, Mubasher Ikram, Chao Geng, Yangyi Wu, Xiaodan Li, Chao Jin, Zunqing Zheng, Mengliang Li, Haifeng Liu
Summary: This study investigated the influence of adding fusel as a fuel additive on the performance and emissions of a six-cylinder heavy-duty compression-ignition engine under the WHSC test cycle. The results showed that the addition of fusel improved engine efficiency, reduced NOx and soot emissions, and the best improvement effect was observed with hydrous fusel. The findings suggest that adding 20% hydrous fusel, combined with the introduction of EGR, can directly be applied to existing diesel engines to achieve a simultaneous reduction in fuel consumption and emissions.
Article
Thermodynamics
Xumin Zhao, Ruilin Liu, Zunqing Zheng, Peng Chen, Hu Wang, Guangmeng Zhou, Zhongjie Zhang, Mingfa Yao
Summary: This study focuses on the interaction of charge motion and EGR on anti-knock performance and thermal efficiency of medium duty gasoline engines. The results show that the inclined swirl scheme can enhance the effectiveness of EGR in knock suppression at low-medium load, and increase the EGR tolerance at medium-high load, thus improving the thermal efficiency. The scheme adopting compound intake ports and inverse cuneiform-shaped combustion chamber can further improve both EGR tolerance and initial combustion rate, leading to significant improvement in thermal efficiency.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINE RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Mahsa Taghavi, Swapnil Sharma, Vemuri Balakotaiah
Summary: This study investigates the natural convection effects in the insulation layers of spherical storage tanks and their impact on the tanks' performance. The permeability and Rayleigh number of the insulation material are considered as key factors. The results show that as the Rayleigh number increases, new convective cells emerge and cause the cold boundary to approach the external hot boundary. In the case of large temperature differences, multiple solutions may coexist.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jinyang Xu, Fangjun Hong, Chaoyang Zhang
Summary: This study introduces a self-induced jet impingement device for enhancing pool boiling performance in high power electronic cooling. Through visualization and parametric investigations, the effects of this device on pool boiling performance are studied, revealing the promotion of additional liquid supply and vapor exhausting. The flow rate of the liquid jet is found to positively impact boiling performance.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Wenchao Ke, Yuan Liu, Fissha Biruke Teshome, Zhi Zeng
Summary: Underwater wet laser welding (UWLW) is a promising and labor-saving repair technique. A thermal multi-phase flow model was developed to study the heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and phase transitions during UWLW. The results show that UWLW creates a water keyhole, making the welding environment similar to in air laser welding.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xingrong Lian, Lin Tian, Zengyao Li, Xinpeng Zhao
Summary: This study investigates the heat transfer mechanisms in natural fiber-derived porous structures and finds that thermal radiation has a significant impact on the thermal conductivity in low-density regions, while natural convection rarely occurs. Insulation materials derived from micron-sized natural fibers can achieve minimum thermal conductivity at specific densities. Strategies to lower the thermal conductivity include increasing porosity and incorporating nanoscale pores using nanosize fibers.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yasir A. Malik, Kilian Koebschall, Stephan Bansmer, Cameron Tropea, Jeanette Hussong, Philippe Villedieu
Summary: Ice crystal icing is a significant hazard in aviation, and accurate modeling of sticking efficiency is essential. In this study, icing wind tunnel experiments were conducted to quantify the volumetric liquid water fraction, sticking efficiency, and maximum thickness of ice layers. Two measurement techniques, calorimetry and capacitive measurements, were used to measure the liquid water content and distribution in the ice layers. The experiments showed that increasing wet bulb temperatures and substrate heat flux significantly increased sticking efficiency and maximum ice layer thickness.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jinqi Hu, Tongtong Geng, Kun Wang, Yuanhong Fan, Chunhua Min, Hsien Chin Su
Summary: This study experimentally examined the heat dissipation of vibrating fans and demonstrated its inherent mechanism through numerical simulation. The results showed that the flow fields induced by the vibrating blades exhibited pulsating features and formed large-scale and small-scale vortical structures, significantly improving heat dissipation. The study also identified the impacts of different blade structures and developed a trapezoidal-folding blade, which effectively reduced the maximum temperature of the heat source and alleviated high-temperature failure crisis.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Dan-Dan Su, Xiao-Bin Li, Hong-Na Zhang, Feng-Chen Li
Summary: The boiling heat transfer of low-boiling-point working fluid is a common heat dissipation technology in electronic equipment cooling. This study analyzed the interfacial boiling behavior of R134a under different conditions and found that factors such as the initial thickness of the liquid film, solid-liquid interaction force, and initial temperature significantly affect the boiling mode and thermal resistance.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jinyi Wu, Dongke Sun, Wei Chen, Zhenhua Chai
Summary: A unified lattice Boltzmann-phase field scheme is proposed to simulate dendrite growth of binary alloys in the presence of melt convection. The effects of various factors on the growth are investigated numerically, and the model is validated through comparisons and examinations.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Shaokun Ge, Ya Ni, Fubao Zhou, Wangzhaonan Shen, Jia Li, Fengqi Guo, Bobo Shi
Summary: This study investigated the temperature distribution of main cables in a suspension bridge during fire scenarios and proposed a prediction model for the maximum temperature of cables in different lane fires. The results showed that vehicle fires in the emergency lane posed a greater thermal threat to the cables.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Shuang-Ying Wu, Shi-Yao Zhou, Lan Xiao, Jia Luo
Summary: This paper investigates the two-phase flow and heat transfer characteristics of low-velocity jet impacting on a cylindrical surface. The study reveals that the heat transfer regimes are non-phase transition and nucleate boiling with the increase of heat transfer rate. The effects of jet impact height and outlet velocity on local surface temperatures are pronounced at the non-phase transition stage. The growth rates of heat transfer rate and liquid loss rate increase significantly from the non-phase transition to nucleate boiling stage.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Emad Hasani Malekshah, Wlodzimierz Wlodzimierz, Miros law Majkut
Summary: Cavitation has significant practical importance and can be controlled by air injection. This study investigates the natural to ventilated cavitation process around a hydrofoil through numerical and experimental methods. The results show that the location and rate of air injection have a meaningful impact on the characteristics of cavitation.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Feriel Yahiat, Pascale Bouvier, Antoine Beauvillier, Serge Russeil, Christophe Andre, Daniel Bougeard
Summary: This study explores the enhancement of mixing performance in laminar flow equipment by investigating the generation of chaotic advection using wall deformations in annular geometries. The findings demonstrate that the combined geometry can achieve perfect mixing at various Reynolds numbers.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Hui He, Ning Lyu, Caihua Liang, Feng Wang, Xiaosong Zhang
Summary: This study investigates the condensation, frosting, and defrosting processes on superhydrophobic surfaces with millimeter-scale structures. The results reveal that the structures can influence the growth and removal of frost crystals, with the bottom grooves creating a frost-free zone and conical edges promoting higher frost crystal heights. Two effective methods for defrosting are observed: hand-lifting the groove and airfoil retraction contraction on protruding structures. This research provides valuable insights into frost formation and defrosting on millimeter-structured superhydrophobic surfaces, with potential applications in anti-frost engineering.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Thiwanka Arepolage, Christophe Verdy, Thibaut Sylvestre, Aymeric Leray, Sebastien Euphrasie
Summary: This study developed two thermal concentrators, one with a 2D design of uniform thickness and another with a 3D design, using the coordinate transformation technique and metamaterials. By structuring the thermal conductor, the desired local density-heat capacity product and anisotropic thermal conductivities were achieved. The homogenized thermal conductivities were obtained from finite element simulations and cylindrical symmetry consideration. A 3D concentrator was fabricated using 3D metal printing and characterized using a thermal camera. Compared to devices that solely consider anisotropic conductivities, the time evolution characteristics of the metadevice designed with coordinate transformation were closer to those of an ideal concentrator.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Liangyuan Cheng, Qingyang Wang, Jinliang Xu
Summary: In this study, we investigated the supercritical heat transfer of CO2 in a horizontal tube with a diameter of 10.0 mm, covering a wide range of pressures, mass fluxes, and heat fluxes. The study revealed a non-monotonic increase in wall temperatures along the flow direction and observed both positive and negative wall temperature differences between the bottom and top tube. The findings were explained by the thermal conduction in the solid wall interacting with the stratified-wavy flow in the tube.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)