It’s the Little Things: The Role of Microscopic Life Stages in Maintaining Kelp Populations

Microscopic life stages of Arctic kelp differ in their resilience and reproductive output in response to Arctic seasonality

(2022) Cláudio F. Silva et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

Narrow range of temperature and irradiance supports optimal development of Lessonia corrugata (Ochrophyta) gametophytes: implications for kelp aquaculture and responses to climate change

(2021) Ellie R. Paine et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY

Persistence of tropical herbivores in temperate reefs constrains kelp resilience to cryptic habitats

(2021) Salvador Zarco‐Perello et al.   JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY

Mates Matter: Gametophyte Kinship Recognition and Inbreeding in the Giant Kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae)

(2021) Carolina Camus et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

Thermal tolerance may slow, but not prevent, the spread of Sargassum horneri (Phaeophyceae) along the California, USA and Baja California, MEX coastline

(2021) Sadie L. Small et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

Biodiversity loss leads to reductions in community‐wide trophic complexity

(2021) Scott S. Gabara et al.   Ecosphere

Large-scale shift in the structure of a kelp forest ecosystem co-occurs with an epizootic and marine heatwave

(2021) Meredith L. McPherson et al.   Communications Biology

Looks can be deceiving: contrasting temperature characteristics of two morphologically similar kelp species co-occurring in the Arctic

(2021) Kiara Franke et al.   BOTANICA MARINA

Kelp‐associated Microbiota are Structured by Host Anatomy

(2021) Matthew A. Lemay et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

Effects of salinity and nutrients on metabolism and growth of Ulva lactuca: Implications for bioremediation of coastal watersheds

(2021) Emily Bews et al.   MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN

Editorial: Climate Change and Light in Aquatic Ecosystems: Variability & Ecological Consequences

(2021) Jochen Wollschläger et al.   Frontiers in Marine Science

Laminaria kelps impact iodine speciation chemistry in coastal seawater

(2021) Mary W. Carrano et al.   ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE

Coastal darkening substantially limits the contribution of kelp to coastal carbon cycles

(2021) Caitlin O. Blain et al.   GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY

Inherent tolerance of extreme seasonal variability in light and salinity in an Arctic endemic kelp ( Laminaria solidungula )

(2021) Arley F. Muth et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

The metabolic depression and revival of purple urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) in response to macroalgal availability

(2021) Dillon Dolinar et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

How light and biomass density influence the reproduction of delayed Saccharina latissima gametophytes (Phaeophyceae)

(2020) Alexander Ebbing et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

Impacts of the non-native alga Sargassum horneri on benthic community production in a California kelp forest

(2020) GH Sullaway et al.   MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES

Marine deforestation leads to widespread loss of ecosystem function

(2020) Matthew Edwards et al.   PLoS One

Climate change spurs global speedup of ocean currents

(2020) Paul Voosen   SCIENCE

Green gravel: a novel restoration tool to combat kelp forest decline

(2020) Stein Fredriksen et al.   Scientific Reports

DNA metabarcoding analysis of macroalgal seed banks on shell surface of the limpet Niveotectura pallida

(2020) Shingo Akita et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

Variation in “bank of microscopic forms” in urchin barren coast: detection using DNA metabarcoding based on high-throughput sequencing

(2020) Shingo Akita et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY

Key Principles for Managing Recovery of Kelp Forests through Restoration

(2020) Rebecca L Morris et al.   BIOSCIENCE

The influence of marine algae on iodine speciation in the coastal ocean

(2020) Mary W. Carrano et al.   ALGAE

Geographic variation in responses of kelp forest communities of the California Current to recent climatic changes

(2020) Rodrigo Beas‐Luna et al.   GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY

Heat stress responses and population genetics of the kelp Laminaria digitata (Phaeophyceae) across latitudes reveal differentiation among North Atlantic populations

(2020) Daniel Liesner et al.   Ecology and Evolution

Species-specific biomass drives macroalgal benthic primary production on temperate rocky reefs

(2020) Michael Spector et al.   ALGAE

Revisiting the ‘bank of microscopic forms’ in macroalgal‐dominated ecosystems

(2020) Kathryn M. Schoenrock et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

Mechanisms leading to recruitment inhibition of giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera by an understory alga

(2020) BA Beckley et al.   MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES

Recruitment tolerance to increased temperature present across multiple kelp clades

(2019) Arley F. Muth et al.   ECOLOGY

Successional Dynamics and Seascape-Level Patterns of Microbial Communities on the Canopy-Forming Kelps Nereocystis luetkeana and Macrocystis pyrifera

(2019) Brooke L. Weigel et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

Rapid detection of macroalgal seed bank on cobbles: application of DNA metabarcoding using next-generation sequencing

(2019) Shingo Akita et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY

Kelp beds and their local effects on seawater chemistry, productivity, and microbial communities

(2019) Catherine A. Pfister et al.   ECOLOGY

Hybrid vigour for thermal tolerance in hybrids between the allopatric kelps Laminaria digitata and L. pallida (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) with contrasting thermal affinities

(2019) Neusa Martins et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

Effects of kelp canopy on underwater light climate and viability of brown algal spores in Kongsfjorden (Spitsbergen)

(2019) Philipp Laeseke et al.   POLAR BIOLOGY

Comparing the impacts of four ENSO events on giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) in the northeast Pacific Ocean

(2019) Matthew S. Edwards   ALGAE

Impacts of ocean warming on kelp forest ecosystems

(2019) Dan A. Smale   NEW PHYTOLOGIST

Temperature mediates the outcome of species interactions in early life-history stages of two sympatric kelp species

(2019) Katharina Zacher et al.   MARINE BIOLOGY

Assessing a macroalgal foundation species: community variation with shifting algal assemblages

(2019) Jacob R. Metzger et al.   MARINE BIOLOGY

Marine heat wave and multiple stressors tip bull kelp forest to sea urchin barrens

(2019) L. Rogers-Bennett et al.   Scientific Reports

Rise of Turfs: A New Battlefront for Globally Declining Kelp Forests

(2018) Karen Filbee-Dexter et al.   BIOSCIENCE

Elevated temperature drives kelp microbiome dysbiosis, while elevated carbon dioxide induces water microbiome disruption

(2018) Jeremiah J. Minich et al.   PLoS One

Rhodoliths holobionts in a changing ocean: host-microbes interactions mediate coralline algae resilience under ocean acidification

(2018) Giselle S. Cavalcanti et al.   BMC GENOMICS

Diverse Bacteria Utilize Alginate Within the Microbiome of the Giant Kelp Macrocystis pyrifera

(2018) Jordan D. Lin et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

Sympatric kelp species share a large portion of their surface bacterial communities

(2017) Matthew A. Lemay et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Projected climate changes threaten ancient refugia of kelp forests in the North Atlantic

(2017) Jorge Assis et al.   GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY

Optimisation of kelp (Laminaria digitata) gametophyte growth and gametogenesis: effects of photoperiod and culture media

(2017) J. J. Ratcliff et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY

The role of kelp species as biogenic habitat formers in coastal marine ecosystems

(2017) Harry Teagle et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

Changes in ecosystem engineers: the effects of kelp forest type on currents and benthic assemblages in Kachemak Bay, Alaska

(2017) Dominic Hondolero et al.   MARINE BIOLOGY

Elevated pCO2 is less detrimental than increased temperature to early development of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales)

(2017) Priya Shukla et al.   PHYCOLOGIA

The unprecedented 2015/16 Tasman Sea marine heatwave

(2017) Eric C. J. Oliver et al.   Nature Communications

Effects of abiotic stressors on kelp early life-history stages

(2017) Alyssa C. Lind et al.   ALGAE

Correction: The potential role of kelp forests on iodine speciation in coastal seawater

(2017) Jennifer Gonzales et al.   PLoS One

Major shifts at the range edge of marine forests: the combined effects of climate changes and limited dispersal

(2017) J. Assis et al.   Scientific Reports

Ocean currents modify the coupling between climate change and biogeographical shifts

(2017) J. García Molinos et al.   Scientific Reports

Repetitive harvesting of Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae) and its effects on chemical constituents of economic value

(2016) Renato Borras-Chavez et al.   BOTANICA MARINA

Climate-driven disparities among ecological interactions threaten kelp forest persistence

(2016) Euan J. Provost et al.   GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY

The Mediterranean deep-water kelp Laminaria rodriguezii is an endangered species in the Adriatic Sea

(2016) Ante Žuljević et al.   MARINE BIOLOGY

Large-scale degradation of a kelp ecosystem in an ocean warming hotspot

(2016) K Filbee-Dexter et al.   MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES

Survival of early life history stages of Arctic kelps (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard) under multifactorial global change scenarios

(2016) K. Zacher et al.   POLAR BIOLOGY

Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century

(2016) Kira A. Krumhansl et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Climate-driven regime shift of a temperate marine ecosystem

(2016) T. Wernberg et al.   SCIENCE

Extreme warming challenges sentinel status of kelp forests as indicators of climate change

(2016) Daniel Reed et al.   Nature Communications

Germplasm banking of the giant kelp: Our biological insurance in a changing environment

(2016) Sara Barrento et al.   Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts

Nearshore Pelagic Microbial Community Abundance Affects Recruitment Success of Giant Kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera

(2016) Megan M. Morris et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

Large-scale degradation of a kelp ecosystem in an ocean warming hotspot

(2016) K Filbee-Dexter et al.   MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES

Icefield-to-Ocean Linkages across the Northern Pacific Coastal Temperate Rainforest Ecosystem

(2015) Shad O'Neel et al.   BIOSCIENCE

Barcoding of Cryptic Stages of Marine Brown Algae Isolated from Incubated Substratum Reveals High Diversity in Acinetosporaceae (Ectocarpales, Phaeophyceae)1

(2015) Akira F. Peters et al.   CRYPTOGAMIE ALGOLOGIE

Canopy interactions and physical stress gradients in subtidal communities

(2015) Scott Bennett et al.   ECOLOGY LETTERS

Local habitat and regional oceanographic influence on fish distribution patterns in the diminishing kelp forests across the Aleutian Archipelago

(2015) Brenda Konar et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES

Strengthened currents override the effect of warming on lobster larval dispersal and survival

(2015) Paulina Cetina-Heredia et al.   GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY

The effects of seascape pattern on algal patch structure, sea urchin barrens, and ecological processes

(2015) P. Edward Parnell   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

Use of sugar kelp aquaculture in Long Island Sound and the Bronx River Estuary for nutrient extraction

(2015) JK Kim et al.   MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES

Use of sugar kelp aquaculture in Long Island Sound and the Bronx River Estuary for nutrient extraction

(2015) JK Kim et al.   MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES

The dynamic controls on carbonate mineral saturation states and ocean acidification in a glacially dominated estuary

(2014) Stacey C. Reisdorph et al.   ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE

Examining the bank of microscopic stages in kelps using culturing and barcoding

(2014) Marine Robuchon et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

Individual (co)variation in thermal reaction norms of standard and maximal metabolic rates in wild-caught slimy salamanders

(2014) Vincent Careau et al.   FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY

The effect of irradiance and temperature responses and the phenology of a native alga, Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales), at the southern limit of its natural distribution in Japan

(2014) Yuki Watanabe et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY

Using Climate Divisions to Analyze Variations and Trends in Alaska Temperature and Precipitation

(2014) Peter A. Bieniek et al.   JOURNAL OF CLIMATE

Interactive effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on early-life-history stages of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera

(2014) Juan Diego Gaitán-Espitia et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

The rise of Laminaria ochroleuca in the Western English Channel (UK) and comparisons with its competitor and assemblage dominant Laminaria hyperborea

(2014) Dan A. Smale et al.   Marine Ecology-An Evolutionary Perspective

Biogeographic variation in temperature drives performance of kelp gametophytes during warming

(2014) MB Mohring et al.   MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES

Effects of climate change on the physiology of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, and grazing by purple urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

(2014) Matthew B. Brown et al.   ALGAE

Genetic and experimental evidence for a mixed-age, mixed-origin bank of kelp microscopic stages in southern California

(2013) Laura T. Carney et al.   ECOLOGY

Biological interactions maintain the boundaries between kelp forests and urchin barrens in the Aleutian Archipelago

(2013) Brenda Konar et al.   HYDROBIOLOGIA

The effects of mysid grazing on kelp zoospore survival and settlement

(2013) Kyle VanMeter et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

Lack of sea urchin settlement may explain kelp forest recovery in overgrazed areas in Norway

(2013) CW Fagerli et al.   MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES

Climate driven changes in subtidal kelp forest communities in NW Spain

(2013) Sofie E. Voerman et al.   MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH

Effects of ocean acidification on different life-cycle stages of the kelp Laminaria hyperborea (Phaeophyceae)

(2012) Mark Olischläger et al.   BOTANICA MARINA

Do trophic cascades affect the storage and flux of atmospheric carbon? An analysis of sea otters and kelp forests

(2012) Christopher C Wilmers et al.   FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Testing sustainable management in Northern Chile: harvesting Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales). A case study

(2012) Renato Borras-Chavez et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY

A COMPARISON OF DRAGON KELP, EUALARIA FISTULOSA, (PHAEOPHYCEAE) FECUNDITY IN URCHIN BARRENS AND NEARBY KELP BEDS THROUGHOUT THE ALEUTIAN ARCHIPELAGO1

(2012) Matthew S. Edwards et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

Effects of Zoospore Aggregation and Substrate Rugosity on Kelp Recruitment Success

(2012) Arley F. Muth   JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GLOBAL SEAWEED COMMUNITIES

(2012) Christopher D. G. Harley et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

Effects of chelated iron on oogenesis and vegetative growth of kelp gametophytes (Phaeophyceae)

(2012) Raymond J. Lewis et al.   PHYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Temperature Effects on Gametophyte Life-History Traits and Geographic Distribution of Two Cryptic Kelp Species

(2012) L. Valeria Oppliger et al.   PLoS One

Susceptibility of Nereocystis luetkeana (Laminariales, Ochrophyta) and Eualaria fistulosa (Laminariales, Ochrophyta) spores to sedimentation

(2012) Melissa Deiman et al.   ALGAE

Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems

(2011) Scott C. Doney et al.   Annual Review of Marine Science

Climate-driven increases in storm frequency simplify kelp forest food webs

(2011) JARRETT E. BYRNES et al.   GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY

Ocean acidification and seaweed reproduction: increased CO2 ameliorates the negative effect of lowered pH on meiospore germination in the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae)

(2011) Michael Y. Roleda et al.   GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY

Marine Downscaling of a Future Climate Scenario for Australian Boundary Currents

(2011) Chaojiao Sun et al.   JOURNAL OF CLIMATE

Climate change cascades: Shifts in oceanography, species' ranges and subtidal marine community dynamics in eastern Tasmania

(2011) Craig R. Johnson et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

On dormancy strategies in tardigrades

(2011) Roberto Guidetti et al.   JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY

GRAZING ON GIANT KELP MICROSCOPIC PHASES AND THE RECRUITMENT SUCCESS OF ANNUAL POPULATIONS OF MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (LAMINARIALES, PHAEOPHYTA) IN SOUTHERN CHILE1

(2011) Luis A. Henríquez et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

A MULTISPECIES LABORATORY ASSESSMENT OF RAPID SPOROPHYTE RECRUITMENT FROM DELAYED KELP GAMETOPHYTES1

(2011) Laura T. Carney   JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

Environmental controls of giant-kelp biomass in the Santa Barbara Channel, California

(2011) KC Cavanaugh et al.   MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES

Vertical distribution of kelp zoospores

(2011) Damien K Cie et al.   PHYCOLOGIA

Hibernation in Black Bears: Independence of Metabolic Suppression from Body Temperature

(2011) O. Toien et al.   SCIENCE

Bioaccumulation of copper and zinc by the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera

(2011) La Kenya Evans et al.   ALGAE

Searching for undesirable disturbance: an application of the OSPAR eutrophication assessment method to marine waters of England and Wales

(2010) Jo Foden et al.   BIOGEOCHEMISTRY

Decreasing resilience of kelp beds along a latitudinal temperature gradient: potential implications for a warmer future

(2010) Thomas Wernberg et al.   ECOLOGY LETTERS

Contribution of glacier runoff to freshwater discharge into the Gulf of Alaska

(2010) Edward G. Neal et al.   GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS

Loss of predators and the collapse of southern California kelp forests (?): Alternatives, explanations and generalizations

(2010) Michael S. Foster et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

Elk Kelp, Pelagophycus porra, distribution limited due to susceptibility of microscopic stages to high light

(2010) Stacie M. Fejtek et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CULTURE STUDIES ON NEREOCYSTIS LUETKEANA1

(2010) Robert L. Vadas   JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

ROLE OF NUTRIENT FLUCTUATIONS AND DELAYED DEVELOPMENT IN GAMETOPHYTE REPRODUCTION BY MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (PHAEOPHYCEAE) IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA1

(2010) Laura T. Carney et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

Partitioning of primary production among giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera), understory macroalgae, and phytoplankton on a temperate reef

(2010) Robert J. Miller et al.   LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

Genetic structure of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera along the southeastern Pacific

(2010) EC Macaya et al.   MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES

The direct effects of increasing CO2 and temperature on non-calcifying organisms: increasing the potential for phase shifts in kelp forests

(2010) S. D. Connell et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

The mixed mating system of the sea palm kelp Postelsia palmaeformis: few costs to selfing

(2010) A. K. Barner et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Arctic amplification: can the past constrain the future?

(2010) Gifford H. Miller et al.   QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS

Diurnal variation in relative photosynthetic performance in giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) at different depths as estimated using PAM fluorometry

(2009) Matthew S. Edwards et al.   AQUATIC BOTANY

Spatial and temporal distribution of floating kelp in the channels and fjords of southern Chile

(2009) Iván A. Hinojosa et al.   ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE

Changes of Glaciers and Climate in Northwestern North America during the Late Twentieth Century

(2009) Anthony Arendt et al.   JOURNAL OF CLIMATE

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND GRAZING ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF FLOATINGMACROCYSTISSPP. (PHAEOPHYCEAE) ALONG A LATITUDINAL GRADIENT

(2009) Eva Rothäusler et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

Interactive effects of radiation, temperature and salinity on different life history stages of the Arctic kelp Alaria esculenta (Phaeophyceae)

(2009) Jana Fredersdorf et al.   OECOLOGIA

Photosynthetic response of Arctic kelp zoospores exposed to radiation and thermal stress

(2009) Michael Y. Roleda   PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Zoospores of Three Arctic Laminariales Under Different UV Radiation and Temperature Conditions: Exceptional Spectral Absorbance Properties and Lack of Phlorotannin Induction

(2009) Ruth Müller et al.   PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY

Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2Problem

(2008) Scott C. Doney et al.   Annual Review of Marine Science

Interactive effects of UV radiation and temperature on microstages of Laminariales (Phaeophyceae) from the Arctic and North Sea

(2008) R Müller et al.   CLIMATE RESEARCH

Ocean's least productive waters are expanding

(2008) Jeffrey J. Polovina et al.   GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS

In hot water: zooplankton and climate change

(2008) A. J. Richardson   ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE

Thermal ecophysiology of gametophytes cultured from invasive Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar in coastal California harbors

(2008) Sarah K. Henkel et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

THE EFFECTS OF HIGH IRRADIANCE ON THE SETTLEMENT COMPETENCY AND VIABILITY OF KELP ZOOSPORES

(2008) Damien K. Cie et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

Recovering a lost baseline: missing kelp forests from a metropolitan coast

(2008) SD Connell et al.   MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES

High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present

(2008) Dieter Lüthi et al.   NATURE

Detached kelps from distant sources are a food subsidy for sea urchins

(2008) Mathew A. Vanderklift et al.   OECOLOGIA