Article
Acoustics
Hang Yu, Yang Liu, Fangwei Yang, Yunfei Xie, Yahui Guo, Yuliang Cheng, Weirong Yao
Summary: This study demonstrates that high-intensity ultrasound can effectively control or stimulate Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Under appropriate power, HIU can efficiently clear biofilms, while low-power treatments may promote biofilm formation.
ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Zijin Yuan, Jude Juventus Aweya, Jian Li, Zhongyan Wang, Shiying Huang, Mingjing Zheng, Linfan Shi, Shanggui Deng, Shen Yang
Summary: This study identified a novel antimicrobial peptide, LCMHC, from the myosin heavy chain of Larimichthys crocea and found that it exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus when combined with low-intensity ultrasound treatment. The peptide was able to improve the cell membrane permeability of S. aureus and assist in the binding of DNA when combined with ultrasound.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Hui Yang, Xiangjun Zhan, Luyi Song, Shuai Cheng, Ruiying Su, Yingying Zhang, Du Guo, Xin Lu, Xiaodong Xia, Chao Shi
Summary: This study investigated the antibacterial and antibiofilm mechanism of ultrasound combined with citral nanoemulsion against Staphylococcus aureus and mature biofilm. The combination treatment disrupted cell membrane integrity and permeability, enhanced cellular oxidative stress and membrane lipid peroxidation, and resulted in cell rupture and collapse. In addition, the treatment showed a more pronounced removal effect than both alone in the biofilm on the stainless steel sheet. This research provides a safe and efficient sterilization method for the food industry.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Nilton A. S. Neto, Jose T. A. Oliveira, Tawanny K. B. Aguiar, Leandro P. Bezerra, Levi A. C. Branco, Felipe P. Mesquita, Cleverson D. T. Freitas, Pedro F. N. Souza
Summary: This study investigated the antibiofilm activity of synthetic antimicrobial peptides (SAMPs) in combination with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus. The results demonstrated that certain peptides in combination with ciprofloxacin effectively inhibited biofilm formation and degraded preformed biofilms. These active peptides formed pores in the bacterial cellular membrane, enhancing the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin.
Article
Acoustics
Jinyue Sun, Debao Wang, Zhilan Sun, Fang Liu, Lihui Du, Daoying Wang
Summary: The study demonstrated that the combined treatment of ultrasound and chlorogenic acid exhibited significant synergistic antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, causing severe cell damage, decreased membrane permeability, release of intracellular substances, and reduced exopolysaccharide content in bacterial biofilms.
ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yupan Zhu, Hangbo Xu, Xudong Yang, Jie Zhuang, Yanping Wang, Junxia Feng, Ruonan Ma, Zhen Jiao
Summary: The combination of ultrasound and hydrogen peroxide showed significant synergistic antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, disrupting cell membrane integrity and altering cell morphology. The enhanced generation of hydroxyl radical played an important role in this synergistic antibacterial effect.
JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Shamaila Tahir, Sarah Emanuel, David W. Inglis, Karen Vickery, Anand K. Deva, Honghua Hu
Summary: Current protocols using liquid disinfectants often fail due to biofilm formation. Researchers hypothesize that mild positive pressure can disrupt biofilm structure and improve disinfectant penetration for better killing.
BIOENGINEERING-BASEL
(2022)
Article
Immunology
LewisOscar Felix, Biswajit Mishra, Rajamohammed Khader, Narchonai Ganesan, Eleftherios Mylonakis
Summary: Alpha mangostin exhibits antimicrobial activity against MRSA persisters and biofilms, causing membrane permeabilization and bacterial cell death. It also inhibits biofilm formation and attachment and down-regulates genes associated with persister cell and biofilm formation. In vivo experiments show that alpha mangostin increases the survival of MRSA-infected larvae. These findings contribute to our understanding of the antimicrobial activity and toxicity of this natural compound.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Vincent Jean-Pierre, Agathe Boudet, Pauline Sorlin, Quentin Menetrey, Raphael Chiron, Jean-Philippe Lavigne, Helene Marchandin
Summary: Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that can survive and cause diseases in various clinical settings, including Cystic Fibrosis. In Cystic Fibrosis, S. aureus is the most commonly identified opportunistic pathogen, and its colonization/infection can become chronic in about one third of patients. S. aureus's ability to form biofilm is a crucial factor contributing to its persistence and protection in the lungs of CF patients.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Paola San-Martin-Galindo, Emil Rosqvist, Stiina Tolvanen, Ilkka Miettinen, Kirsi Savijoki, Tuula A. Nyman, Adyary Fallarero, Jouko Peltonen
Summary: Investigating microbial response to different surfaces requires versatile parameters, including surface chemistry and topography. Surface roughness parameters influence microbial viability and exopolysaccharide abundance, with valley structures potentially increasing viability.
MATERIALS & DESIGN
(2021)
Article
Plant Sciences
Xiying Wu, Guang-Lei Ma, Hao-Wei Chen, Ze-Yu Zhao, Zi-Ping Zhu, Juan Xiong, Guo-Xun Yang, Jin-Feng Hu
Summary: This study investigated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Euphorbia humifusa and identified compounds that exhibited strong inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus. These compounds disrupted cell integrity, increased membrane permeability, and down-regulated biofilm-related gene expression. These findings provide support for the traditional use of Euphorbia humifusa in the treatment of furuncles and carbuncles and highlight its potential as a source for producing promising antibiofilm alternatives against Staphylococcus aureus.
JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Acoustics
Yixuan Xu, Shiyang Liu, Hongyou Zhao, Yi Li, Chao Cui, Wenxin Chou, Yuxia Zhao, Jiyong Yang, Haixia Qiu, Jing Zeng, Defu Chen, Shengnan Wu, Yizhou Tan, Ying Wang, Ying Gu
Summary: Combining ultrasonic irradiation with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) enhances the efficacy of aPDT against MRSA biofilm by increasing the penetration depth of the photosensitizer (PS) and without affecting the viability of human dermal fibroblasts. This study suggests that the combination of aPDT and ultrasound is a potential and promising strategy for eradicating biofilm-associated infections of MRSA.
ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Cristina El Haj, Eva Benavent, Yanik Sierra, Laura Soldevila, Raul Rigo-Bonnin, Benjamin Torrejon, Joan Gomez-Junyent, Irantzu Rossello, Oscar Murillo
Summary: The anti-biofilm efficacy of dalbavancin (DAL) was significantly improved by adding rifampicin (RIF) in the treatment of biofilm-embedded methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, the development of RIF resistance in all combination therapies decreased their effectiveness over time.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Qingxiang Li, Shuna Yu, Jinzhi Han, Jiulin Wu, Lijun You, Xiaodan Shi, Shaoyun Wang
Summary: This study detected the synergistic antibacterial effect of nisin and carvacrol, showing that the combination had better antibacterial activity against S. aureus compared to individual use and reduced the dosage of antibacterials. The combination could completely kill S. aureus within 8 hours, inhibit biofilm formation, and increase intracellular antibacterial level. In addition, the combination treatment effectively inhibited microbial reproduction in pasteurized milk.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Kira L. Tomlinson, Tania Wong Fok Lung, Felix Dach, Medini K. Annavajhala, Stanislaw J. Gabryszewski, Ryan A. Groves, Marija Drikic, Nancy J. Francoeur, Shwetha H. Sridhar, Melissa L. Smith, Sara Khanal, Clemente J. Britto, Robert Sebra, Ian Lewis, Anne-Catrin Uhlemann, Barbara C. Kahl, Alice S. Prince, Sebastian A. Riquelme
Summary: The authors demonstrate that the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus induces a distinct airway immunometabolic response dominated by the release of itaconate. This metabolite potentiates extracellular polysaccharide synthesis and biofilm formation in S. aureus, potentially facilitating chronic infection.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Chang Liu, Yahui Guo, Yuliang Cheng, He Qian
Summary: This study demonstrates that torularhodin-loaded bilosomes can improve hypercholesterolemia in mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet. Torularhodin alleviated weight gain, insulin resistance, and liver lipid accumulation. It also modulated inflammatory response and promoted amino acid metabolism.
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Chang Liu, Mei Han, Fuqiang Lv, Yaobin Gao, Xiaoyun Wang, Xujiao Zhang, Yahui Guo, Yuliang Cheng, He Qian
Summary: The red stretcher bacterium Sporidiobolus pararoseus, a high producer of carotenoids, was found in various Chinese vinegar samples. The fungal carotenoid torularhodin exhibited strong antioxidant effects and protected against cellular inflammation in vitro and in a cell model. These effects were achieved by modulating the TLR4 pathway.
Review
Chemistry, Applied
Ruoyu Wang, Panting Sang, Yahui Guo, Ping Jin, Yuliang Cheng, Hang Yu, Yunfei Xie, Weirong Yao, He Qian
Summary: Cadmium (Cd) is a crucial industrial material used for electroplating and making rechargeable batteries, bringing convenience to mankind. However, Cd is also a harmful pollutant that enters the food chain and causes damage to human tissues and organs. Various technologies for removing Cd from food have been studied based on the binding mechanism between Cd and proteins.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Boru Guo, Aying Wen, Hang Yu, Yahui Guo, Yuliang Cheng, Yunfei Xie, He Qian, Weirong Yao
Summary: Mancozeb, a commonly used antifungal for fruit growth, can bind to the waxy components of fruits and has non-internal absorption. This study investigated the interaction between pesticide molecules and the waxy layer on grape surfaces and their impact on pesticide residues. Significant changes in the composition of the grape surface waxy layer were observed after soaking in a mancozeb solution, and molecular docking revealed hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces between mancozeb and the waxy components. The presence or absence of wax affected the determination of mancozeb residues, with significantly lower deposition in grapes after dewaxing.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Xiaoyan Fu, Shaofeng Yuan, Fangwei Yang, Hang Yu, Yunfei Xie, Yahui Guo, Weirong Yao
Summary: The interaction between boscalid and tannic acid was investigated using spectroscopic, thermodynamic, and computational chemistry methods. The results showed the formation of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions in the complex between boscalid and tannic acid. Additionally, the binding of boscalid to tannic acid significantly reduced the antioxidant activity of tannic acid. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between pesticide residues and food matrices, and informs the regulation of bound-state pesticide residues in food.
JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Hongkang Zhu, Fanglin Shen, Xiaochen Wang, Yuliang Cheng, Yahui Guo, He Qian, Yu Liu
Summary: Research has found that salidroside (SA), an active compound derived from Rhodiola rosea, is widely used in healthcare foods. This study investigated the effects of SA on gut microbiota and energy metabolism during exercise in mice. The results showed that SA increased swimming time, respiratory enzymatic activities, and species diversity and abundance of gut bacteria, indicating its antifatigue effects.
MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xiaotong Yang, Jie Yin, Yahui Guo, Hang Yu, Shaofeng Yuan, He Qian, Weirong Yao, Jiangfeng Song
Summary: This study combined low-intensity ultrasonic waves with the Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation method to optimize a technique for removing cadmium from rice. The technique achieved a high Cd removal rate of 67.05% within a short time (10 hours), addressing the long time requirement of traditional methods. Further analysis showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of Lactobacillus plantarum for Cd increased by 75% after ultrasonic intervention. Sensory evaluation and other experiments confirmed the feasibility of this method for actual rice production.
Article
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Shaofeng Yuan, Hang Yu, Yunfei Xie, Yahui Guo, Weirong Yao
Summary: The effect and mechanism of ultrasound on the biodegradation of profenofos by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum were investigated in this study. Ultrasound applied during the prelogarithmic phase of microbial growth significantly enhanced the biodegradation of profenofos. The key ultrasonic parameters were optimized using the response surface methodology, and the Holden model was used to describe the growth of L. plantarum and the biodegradation of profenofos. Under optimal ultrasonic conditions, the specific growth rate of L. plantarum and the specific degradation rate of profenofos were significantly increased compared to without sonication, attributed to the enhancement of phosphatase activity and the improvement of cell membrane permeability.
ACS AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jie Yin, Kunfeng Liu, Shaofeng Yuan, Yahui Guo, Hang Yu, Yuliang Cheng, Yunfei Xie, He Qian, Weirong Yao
Summary: This research confirmed the presence of carbon dots (CDs) in breadcrumbs before frying and their significant changes after frying. The study found that the content and fluorescence quantum yield of CDs increased, while the size and N content decreased after frying. The interaction of CDs with human serum albumin (HSA) led to structural changes in HSA and the formation of CDs corona, which may have physiological significance.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Mengge Sun, Mengru Wang, Haodong Lu, Qiang Yu, Shaofeng Yuan, Yahui Guo, Weirong Yao, Hang Yu
Summary: This study established microbial growth models for fresh-cut cucumber packaged with different O2 transmission rate (OTR) films. Mathematical models were used to account for dynamic variations in the O2/CO2 concentration and their impacts on Pseudomonas fluorescens growth. The coupling models successfully fitted variations of O2/CO2 concentration and P. fluorescens growth in the two packaging. In addition, the quality properties of the packed fresh-cut cucumber were determined.
FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Review
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Zhuoren Yang, Xiebingqing Yang, Yahui Guo, Hideya Kawasaki
Summary: This review analyzes the potential of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) in cancer phototherapy, including photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and combination therapy. It highlights the unique advantages, diverse application approaches, and promising prospects of AuNCs in phototherapy.
ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Hang Yu, Lin Jiang, Liyuan Gao, Ruyue Zhang, Yilong Zhang, Shaofeng Yuan, Yunfei Xie, Weirong Yao
Summary: High-intensity ultrasound is used to promote the maturation of soy sauce, increasing reducing sugars and soluble salt-free solids while decreasing free amino acid content. The Maillard reaction produced various flavor compounds, enhancing the aroma of soy sauce. The proportion of umami peptides with a molecular weight of 1-5 kDa was higher in ultrasound-matured soy sauce compared to freshly prepared and thermally treated samples. Ultrasound-assisted maturation improves product quality, reduces production time, and lowers costs.
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Cheng Wang, Hongkang Zhu, Yuliang Cheng, Yahui Guo, Yong Zhao, He Qian
Summary: This study investigates the potential role of Brassica rapa L. in modulating exercise-induced fatigue. The findings reveal that Brassica rapa L. exhibits significant antioxidant activity and effectively modulates physiological responses to fatigue. It influences gene expression related to energy metabolism and inflammation, and also maintains intestinal integrity. These findings highlight the potential therapeutic applications of Brassica rapa L. in managing prolonged exercise-induced fatigue.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Mengru Wang, Lin Jiang, Mingxuan Liu, Shaofeng Yuan, Yahui Guo, Weirong Yao, Hang Yu
Summary: This study investigated the efficacy of ultrasound-based cleaning treatment on removing Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilm from lettuce. The results showed that higher intensity of ultrasound led to a significant decrease in biofilm content on lettuce. Additionally, quality attributes of lettuce remained largely unchanged under ultrasound treatment at the highest intensity level. Metabolomic analysis revealed differential expression of 27 metabolites involved in various metabolic pathways in ultrasound-treated bacteria. The findings suggest that ultrasound treatment can disrupt the metabolism and genetic information of bacterial biofilm, but also induce stress responses in the bacteria.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Ewelina Bigoraj, Iwona Kozyra, Agnieszka Kaupke, Zbigniew Osinski, James Lowther, Artur Rzezutka
Summary: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of human enteric viruses in mussels sold on the Polish market and study the fecal contamination of shellfish. The study found that human enteric viruses were commonly present in shellfish, with norovirus being the most frequently detected. The study also observed a seasonal distribution pattern of viruses in shellfish samples.
Editorial Material
Food Science & Technology
Bojan Blagojevic, Lis Alban Denmark
Article
Food Science & Technology
Indy Magnus, Fatemeh Abbasi, Hugo Thienpont, Lien Smeesters
Summary: Food safety and quality are increasingly important in our society, driving the development of novel optical food sensing technologies. However, current optical sensing technologies are often limited in their sensitivity and product variability. In this study, we developed a novel pistachio nut screening methodology using fluorescence spectroscopy and advanced chemometrics to simultaneously detect shells, tree parts, and aflatoxins. By optimizing hardware and software parameters, we achieved a high classification accuracy for healthy pistachio kernels.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Xiaodong Wang, Jingqiang Yu, Haixia Wu, Leiying Wu, Wuyunga Borjihan, Cong Wang, Munkhjargal Burenjargal, Alideertu Dong
Summary: This study developed a novel photon-phonon coupling (PPC) cold sterilization technology and compared its effects with low-temperature pasteurization and microwave ultraviolet. The results showed that PPC effectively reduced bacterial count in raw milk with minimal impact on milk quality and nutritional composition.
Review
Food Science & Technology
Riyadh Abdulmalek Hassan, Sharina Abu Hanifah, Lee Yook Heng, Fawaz Al-badaii, Alizar Ulianas
Summary: This study used bibliometric visualisation map analysis to explore the publication outputs, trends, and hotspots for endocrine disruptors (EDMs) biosensor development in relation to mycotoxins. The analysis showed that the current literature primarily focuses on developing biosensors for detecting highly toxic and widely distributed mycotoxins in food, but there needs to be more focus on biosensors for detecting mycotoxins known as endocrine disruptors.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Yajie Zheng, Jianpeng Dou, Changpo Sun, Hujun Liu, Shipei Zhang, Wenfu Wu
Summary: This study investigated the efficiency of modified SA/ll-glucan/Mt microsphere adsorbents in removing DON and ZEN from CSL. The microspheres showed high adsorption capacity, and simple and rapid regeneration was achieved without affecting the removal efficiency of mycotoxins from CSL.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Carlos Adelantado, Jose Angel Salatti-Dorado, Carlos Herrera, Lourdes Arce, Maria Jose Cardador
Summary: High-performance-ion mobility spectrometry (HPIMS) was used for the first time in the analysis of olive oil samples, following a simple liquid-liquid extraction procedure. The developed methodology is user-friendly, fast, and inexpensive, complying with the principles of green chemistry. The proposed approach, combined with multivariate analysis, showed potential in classifying olive oil samples based on their organoleptic quality, with high accuracy rates.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Jia-Wen Wei, Jia-Rong He, Shi-Yi Chen, Yi-Han Guo, Xuan-Zhu Huo, Nuan Zheng, Shuo-Hui Cao, Yao-Qun Li
Summary: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a major cause of human cancer. This study developed a quantitative analysis method for PAH4 using the back propagation neural network (BPNN) algorithm and constant wavelength synchronous fluorescence (CWSF) spectra as the data sets. The method can predict the concentrations of PAH4 in edible oil samples without preprocessing or pre-separation. It has been proven to be a powerful tool for the rapid detection of PAH4.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Liyun Chen, Xiumei Li, Jingyi Chen, Ranxun Lin, Yuhan Mai, Yuxin Lin, Guodong Wang, Zheng Chen, Wei Zhang, Jiang Wang, Cai Yuan, Longguang Jiang, Peng Xu, Mingdong Huang
Summary: Food spoilage is primarily caused by microbial contamination. Curcumin has shown moderate antimicrobial activity as a food preservative. This study formulates curcumin with zinc acetate to enhance its efficacy, resulting in Cur-Zn with increased antimicrobial activity against multiple food-contaminating bacteria and fungi. With light illumination, the antimicrobial activity of Cur-Zn is further enhanced due to the photodynamic inactivation (PDI) effect.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Marta Pilar Ortiz-Moriano, Gonzalo Machado-Schiaffino, Eva Garcia-Vazquez, Alba Ardura
Summary: Mislabelling in the global fisheries sector raises concerns about the identity, safety, and sustainability of seafood products. This study examined mislabelling in shrimps and prawns sold in the Spanish market and assessed potential risks of heavy metal ingestion.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Doyeon Kim, Jinwoo Kim, Minsik Kim
Summary: This study demonstrates the enhanced bactericidal activity of engineered lysins fused with amphipathic antimicrobial peptides against Gram-negative bacterium Cronobacter sakazakii. The fusion lysins are capable of disrupting bacterial cells and significantly reducing the risk of infection within a certain range of temperature and pH. Additionally, the study also shows the bactericidal effect of these fusion lysins against other Gram-negative pathogens.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Seul-Ki Park, Kyung-Jin Cho, Du-Min Jo, Young-Mog Kim
Summary: This study presents a new approach for detecting pathogenic Vibrio spp. in contaminated seafood, which combines PCR with a simplified DNA extraction process and pre-culturing step. The method has been validated and shown to be efficient, time-saving, and highly sensitive, offering a potential alternative for improving safety measures in the food industry.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Suwimol Surareungchai, Chaleeda Borompichaichartkul, Chitsiri Rachtanapun, Nutthachai Pongprasert, Pongphen Jitareerat, Varit Srilaong
Summary: This study builds upon previous research and focuses on risk assessment and analysis in the organic salad industry. The results show that previous risk matrix models can be adapted for various raw materials, and preventive control plans can be applied across different aspects of the production process.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Xuan Zhang, Changling Fang, Xiaoyi Lou, Feng Han, Siman Li, Yongfu Shi, Dongmei Huang
Summary: This study aimed to assess the levels of Biogenic amines (BAs) in four common food types in the Chinese market. It was found that cheese and seafood derived product showed higher levels of BAs, and the histamine level in mackerel and yellow rice wine exceeded the limits.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Martina Foschi, Alessandra Biancolillo, Federico Marini, Francesco Cosentino, Francesca Di Donato, Angelo Antonio D'Archivio
Summary: This study aimed to develop a potentially non-destructive and routine-compatible method for the geographical traceability of high-valued Italian chickpeas. By analyzing the spectral information of the outer and inner parts of the kernels, it was found that the spectral analysis of the outer part yielded accurate and reliable results, indicating the possibility of non-destructive authentication.