Nucleocapsid and Spike Proteins of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Induce IL6 in Monocytes and Macrophages—Potential Implications for Cytokine Storm Syndrome

The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health — The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China

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Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study

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A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern

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Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019

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Epidemiological analysis of COVID‐19 and practical experience from China

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Characterization of the Inflammatory Response to Severe COVID-19 Illness

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The pathogenesis and treatment of the `Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19

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Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients

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The COVID-19 Cytokine Storm; What We Know So Far

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Role of Monocytes/Macrophages in Covid-19 Pathogenesis: Implications for Therapy

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Inhibition of Bruton tyrosine kinase in patients with severe COVID-19

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Cytokine profile in plasma of severe COVID-19 does not differ from ARDS and sepsis

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Computer-aided prediction and design of IL-6 inducing peptides: IL-6 plays a crucial role in COVID-19

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Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions

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Cytokine elevation in severe and critical COVID-19: a rapid systematic review, meta-analysis, and comparison with other inflammatory syndromes

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COVIDOSE: A Phase II Clinical Trial of Low‐Dose Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Noncritical COVID‐19 Pneumonia

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Covid-19: Critically ill patients treated with arthritis drug tocilizumab show improved outcomes, researchers report

(2020) Jacqui Wise   BMJ-British Medical Journal

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein promotes IL-6 trans-signaling by activation of angiotensin II receptor signaling in epithelial cells

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An inter-correlated cytokine network identified at the center of cytokine storm predicted COVID-19 prognosis

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Potential immuno-nanomedicine strategies to fight COVID-19 like pulmonary infections

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Monocytes and Macrophages as Viral Targets and Reservoirs

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Activation of NF-κB driven inflammatory programs in mesenchymal elements attenuates hematopoiesis in low-risk myelodysplastic syndromes

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Differentiation stage-specific effect of histone deacetylase inhibitors on the expression of RORγT in human lymphocytes

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TLR2 activation induces antioxidant defence in human monocyte-macrophage cell line models

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Review: Cytokine Storm Syndrome: Looking Toward the Precision Medicine Era

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Dysregulated Type I Interferon and Inflammatory Monocyte-Macrophage Responses Cause Lethal Pneumonia in SARS-CoV-Infected Mice

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Monocyte Activation in Immunopathology: Cellular Test for Development of Diagnostics and Therapy

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The cytokine storm of severe influenza and development of immunomodulatory therapy

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IL-6-mediated environmental conditioning of defective Th1 differentiation dampens antitumour immune responses in old age

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Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection

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Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study

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Nuclear factor-kappa-B-inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA) is a developmental marker of NF- B/p65 activation during in vitro oocyte maturation and early embryogenesis

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Th17 cells enhance viral persistence and inhibit T cell cytotoxicity in a model of chronic virus infection

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SARS coronavirus spike protein-induced innate immune response occurs via activation of the NF-κB pathway in human monocyte macrophages in vitro

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus-Induced Lung Epithelial Cytokines Exacerbate SARS Pathogenesis by Modulating Intrinsic Functions of Monocyte-Derived Macrophages and Dendritic Cells

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