Management of antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis in adults and children: literature review and consensus-based practical recommendations

Acute encephalitis in immunocompetent adults

(2019) Arun Venkatesan et al.   LANCET

Development of the clinical assessment scale in autoimmune encephalitis

(2019) Jung-Ah Lim et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Conventional brain MRI features distinguishing limbic encephalitis from mesial temporal glioma

(2019) Marco Zoccarato et al.   NEURORADIOLOGY

Anti-NMDAR encephalitis preceded by non-herpetic central nervous system infection: Systematic literature review and first case of tick-borne encephalitis triggering anti-NMDAR encephalitis

(2019) Elena Cavaliere et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

Autoimmune encephalitis epidemiology and a comparison to infectious encephalitis

(2018) Divyanshu Dubey et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Distinct HLA associations of LGI1 and CASPR2-antibody diseases

(2018) Sophie Binks et al.   BRAIN

Syndrome and outcome of antibody-negative limbic encephalitis

(2018) F. Graus et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY

ATP1A3-related disorders: An update

(2018) Miryam Carecchio et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY

Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 affects early neuroinflammatory signalling in murine model of amyloid beta toxicity

(2018) Anna Wilkaniec et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Encephalitis with mGluR5 antibodies

(2018) Marianna Spatola et al.   NEUROLOGY

Psychotic Disorders

(2018) Jeffrey A. Lieberman et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Antibody-Mediated Encephalitis

(2018) Josep Dalmau et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine and methotrexate usage in paediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a systematic literature review

(2018) Margherita Nosadini et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY

Frequency, symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis: a prospective observational study and retrospective analysis

(2018) Thaís Armangue et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

Acute Viral Encephalitis

(2018) Kenneth L. Tyler   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Tocilizumab treatment for new onset refractory status epilepticus

(2018) Jin-Sun Jun et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

A score that predicts 1-year functional status in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

(2018) Ramani Balu et al.   NEUROLOGY

LGI1, CASPR2 and related antibodies: a molecular evolution of the phenotypes

(2017) Sophie N M Binks et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY

Clinical and immunological characteristics of the spectrum of GFAP autoimmunity: a case series of 22 patients

(2017) Raffaele Iorio et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY

Intracellular and non-neuronal targets of voltage-gated potassium channel complex antibodies

(2017) Bethan Lang et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY

The value of LGI1, Caspr2 and voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies in encephalitis

(2017) Agnes van Sonderen et al.   Nature Reviews Neurology

Persistence of anti-NMDAR antibodies in CSF after recovery from autoimmune encephalitis

(2017) S. Mariotto et al.   NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES

Diagnostics of the neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD)

(2017) Diego Franciotta et al.   NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES

Diagnostics of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes

(2017) Marco Zoccarato et al.   NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES

Diagnostics of autoimmune encephalitis associated with antibodies against neuronal surface antigens

(2017) Luigi Zuliani et al.   NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and the determination of oligoclonal bands

(2017) Matteo Gastaldi et al.   NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES

Investigations in GABA A receptor antibody-associated encephalitis

(2017) Marianna Spatola et al.   NEUROLOGY

Clinical manifestations of the anti-IgLON5 disease

(2017) Carles Gaig et al.   NEUROLOGY

Motor cortex and hippocampus are the two main cortical targets in LGI1-antibody encephalitis

(2016) Vincent Navarro et al.   BRAIN

Plasma exchange in pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis: A systematic review

(2016) Agnese Suppiej et al.   BRAIN & DEVELOPMENT

Intravenous immunoglobulin in paediatric neurology: safety, adherence to guidelines, and long-term outcome

(2016) Margherita Nosadini et al.   DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY

N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antibodies encephalitis mimicking an autistic regression

(2016) Yael Hacohen et al.   DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY

Systematic review of immunoglobulin use in paediatric neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders

(2016) Jonathan Gadian et al.   DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY

Anti-contactin-associated protein-2 encephalitis: relevance of antibody titres, presentation and outcome

(2016) C. G. Bien et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Encephalitis

(2016) Eric Lancaster   Journal of Clinical Neurology

Cognitive and neuropsychological evolution in children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis

(2016) Sara Matricardi et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY

A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis

(2016) Francesc Graus et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

Rituximab treatment for autoimmune limbic encephalitis in an institutional cohort

(2016) Woo-Jin Lee et al.   NEUROLOGY

Human neurexin-3α antibodies associate with encephalitis and alter synapse development

(2016) Nuria Gresa-Arribas et al.   NEUROLOGY

Bortezomib for treatment of therapy-refractory anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

(2016) Franziska Scheibe et al.   NEUROLOGY

Anti-LGI1–associated cognitive impairment

(2016) Helena Ariño et al.   NEUROLOGY

NMDA receptor encephalitis and other antibody-mediated disorders of the synapse

(2016) Josep Dalmau   NEUROLOGY

Anti-LGI1 encephalitis

(2016) Agnes van Sonderen et al.   NEUROLOGY

The relevance of VGKC positivity in the absence of LGI1 and Caspr2 antibodies

(2016) Agnes van Sonderen et al.   NEUROLOGY

Tocilizumab in Autoimmune Encephalitis Refractory to Rituximab: An Institutional Cohort Study

(2016) Woo-Jin Lee et al.   Neurotherapeutics

Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Encephalitis in Adults: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

(2016) Michael J. Bradshaw et al.   Neurotherapeutics

Utility of CSF Cytokine/Chemokines as Markers of Active Intrathecal Inflammation: Comparison of Demyelinating, Anti-NMDAR and Enteroviral Encephalitis

(2016) Kavitha Kothur et al.   PLoS One

Bortezomib Treatment for Patients With Anti-N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis

(2016) Volker Behrendt et al.   JAMA Neurology

Characterization of a Subtype of Autoimmune Encephalitis With Anti–Contactin-Associated Protein-like 2 Antibodies in the Cerebrospinal Fluid, Prominent Limbic Symptoms, and Seizures

(2016) Bastien Joubert et al.   JAMA Neurology

18F-FDG PET/CT in Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis

(2015) Sohyun Park et al.   CLINICAL NUCLEAR MEDICINE

Paediatric anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis: The first Italian multicenter case series

(2015) Stefano Sartori et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY

Immune therapy in autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review

(2015) Margherita Nosadini et al.   Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

Encephalitis and AMPA receptor antibodies: Novel findings in a case series of 22 patients

(2015) R. Hoftberger et al.   NEUROLOGY

Imaging of autoimmune encephalitis – Relevance for clinical practice and hippocampal function

(2015) J. Heine et al.   NEUROSCIENCE

Antibody-Mediated Autoimmune Encephalopathies and Immunotherapies

(2015) Matteo Gastaldi et al.   Neurotherapeutics

Immune therapy in autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review

(2015) Margherita Nosadini et al.   Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

Investigations on CXCL13 in Anti–N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis

(2015) Frank Leypoldt et al.   JAMA Neurology

Cell-surface central nervous system autoantibodies: Clinical relevance and emerging paradigms

(2014) Sarosh R. Irani et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Overlapping demyelinating syndromes and anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis

(2014) Maarten J. Titulaer et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Autoimmune encephalopathies

(2014) Frank Leypoldt et al.   Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Anti-leucine rich glioma inactivated 1 protein and anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis show distinct patterns of brain glucose metabolism in 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography

(2014) Florian Wegner et al.   BMC Neurology

Glycine receptor antibodies in PERM and related syndromes: characteristics, clinical features and outcomes

(2014) Alexander Carvajal-González et al.   BRAIN

Does early treatment improve outcomes inN-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis?

(2014) Susan Byrne et al.   DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibody encephalitis: how much treatment is enough?

(2014) Susan Byrne et al.   DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY

Intrathecal treatment of anti-N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis in children

(2014) Sarah Tatencloux et al.   DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY

Longitudinal Electroencephalographic (EEG) Findings in Pediatric Anti-N-Methyl-d-Aspartate (Anti-NMDA) Receptor Encephalitis

(2014) Margherita Nosadini et al.   JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY

Serial brain 18FDG-PET in anti-AMPA receptor limbic encephalitis

(2014) Marianna Spatola et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

Encephalitis with refractory seizures, status epilepticus, and antibodies to the GABAA receptor: a case series, characterisation of the antigen, and analysis of the effects of antibodies

(2014) Mar Petit-Pedrol et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

Utility of an immunotherapy trial in evaluating patients with presumed autoimmune epilepsy

(2014) M. Toledano et al.   NEUROLOGY

Utility and safety of rituximab in pediatric autoimmune and inflammatory CNS disease

(2014) R. C. Dale et al.   NEUROLOGY

DPPX potassium channel antibody: Frequency, clinical accompaniments, and outcomes in 20 patients

(2014) W. O. Tobin et al.   NEUROLOGY

Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus: A new variant with DPPX antibodies

(2014) B. Balint et al.   NEUROLOGY

Imaging of Brain Tumors

(2014) Danai Chourmouzi et al.   Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America

Functional and structural brain changes in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis

(2013) Carsten Finke et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

A systematic review on the role of adjunctive corticosteroids in herpes simplex virus encephalitis: is timing critical for safety and efficacy?

(2013) Ciro Ramos-Estebanez et al.   ANTIVIRAL THERAPY

Faciobrachial dystonic seizures: the influence of immunotherapy on seizure control and prevention of cognitive impairment in a broadening phenotype

(2013) Sarosh R. Irani et al.   BRAIN

Case Definitions, Diagnostic Algorithms, and Priorities in Encephalitis: Consensus Statement of the International Encephalitis Consortium

(2013) A. Venkatesan et al.   CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Cerebral FDG-PET and MRI findings in autoimmune limbic encephalitis: correlation with autoantibody types

(2013) Annette Baumgartner et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY

The importance of early and sustained treatment of a common autoimmune encephalitis

(2013) Andrew McKeon   LANCET NEUROLOGY

Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study

(2013) Maarten J Titulaer et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

Antibody titres at diagnosis and during follow-up of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a retrospective study

(2013) Nuria Gresa-Arribas et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group criteria for pediatric multiple sclerosis and immune-mediated central nervous system demyelinating disorders: revisions to the 2007 definitions

(2013) Lauren B Krupp et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

GABAB receptor autoantibody frequency in service serologic evaluation

(2013) O. J. Jeffery et al.   NEUROLOGY

Encephalitis and GABAB receptor antibodies: Novel findings in a new case series of 20 patients

(2013) R. Hoftberger et al.   NEUROLOGY

Encephalitis and antibodies to dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein-6, a subunit of Kv4.2 potassium channels

(2012) Anna Boronat et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Morvan syndrome: Clinical and serological observations in 29 cases

(2012) Sarosh R. Irani et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Antibodies to surface dopamine-2 receptor in autoimmune movement and psychiatric disorders

(2012) Russell C. Dale et al.   BRAIN

Cerebrospinal fluid CD19+B-cell expansion inN-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis

(2012) RUSSELL C DALE et al.   DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY

Contactin-associated protein-2 antibodies in non-paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia

(2012) Esther B E Becker et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY

Central nervous system neuronal surface antibody associated syndromes: review and guidelines for recognition

(2012) Luigi Zuliani et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY

Insights From LGI1 and CASPR2 Potassium Channel Complex Autoantibody Subtyping

(2012) Christopher J. Klein et al.   JAMA Neurology

Glycine Receptor Autoimmune Spectrum With Stiff-Man Syndrome Phenotype

(2012) Andrew McKeon et al.   JAMA Neurology

N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Autoimmune Encephalitis Presenting With Opsoclonus-Myoclonus

(2011) Jonathan H. Smith   ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY

EEG Patterns and Imaging Correlations in Encephalopathy

(2011) Peter W. Kaplan et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

Management of suspected viral encephalitis in adults – Association of British Neurologists and British Infection Association National Guidelines

(2011) T. Solomon et al.   JOURNAL OF INFECTION

Cognitive deficits following anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

(2011) Carsten Finke et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY

Analysis of relapses in anti-NMDAR encephalitis

(2011) I. Gabilondo et al.   NEUROLOGY

Antibodies to metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in the Ophelia syndrome

(2011) E. Lancaster et al.   NEUROLOGY

Investigations of caspr2, an autoantigen of encephalitis and neuromyotonia

(2010) Eric Lancaster et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Faciobrachial dystonic seizures precede Lgi1 antibody limbic encephalitis

(2010) Sarosh R. Irani et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

N-methyl-d-aspartate antibody encephalitis: temporal progression of clinical and paraclinical observations in a predominantly non-paraneoplastic disorder of both sexes

(2010) Sarosh R. Irani et al.   BRAIN

Antibodies to Kv1 potassium channel-complex proteins leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 protein and contactin-associated protein-2 in limbic encephalitis, Morvan’s syndrome and acquired neuromyotonia

(2010) Sarosh R. Irani et al.   BRAIN

Screening for tumours in paraneoplastic syndromes: report of an EFNS Task Force

(2010) M. J. Titulaer et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY

Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study

(2010) Julia Granerod et al.   LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Investigation of LGI1 as the antigen in limbic encephalitis previously attributed to potassium channels: a case series

(2010) Meizan Lai et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis

(2010) Josep Dalmau et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

AMPA receptor antibodies in limbic encephalitis alter synaptic receptor location

(2009) Meizan Lai et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase define a form of limbic encephalitis

(2009) Michael P. Malter et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis in children and adolescents

(2009) Nicole R. Florance et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Antibodies to the GABAB receptor in limbic encephalitis with seizures: case series and characterisation of the antigen

(2009) Eric Lancaster et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

The Management of Encephalitis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America

(2008) Allan R. Tunkel et al.   CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies

(2008) Josep Dalmau et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

PROGRESSIVE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, RIGIDITY, AND MYOCLONUS: A NOVEL GLYCINE RECEPTOR ANTIBODY

(2008) M. Hutchinson et al.   NEUROLOGY