Article
Immunology
Takeshi Hatachi, Nobuaki Michihata, Yu Inata, Muneyuki Takeuchi, Hiroki Matsui, Kiyohide Fushimi, Hideo Yasunaga
Summary: This study investigated early-phase unfavorable prognostic factors among children with acute encephalitis/encephalopathy (AE) using a nationwide database, identifying age, congenital anomalies, epilepsy, and level of consciousness as significant factors influencing outcomes. Conversely, herpes simplex virus infection and influenza virus infection were associated with favorable outcomes.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Nguyen To Anh, Le Nguyen Truc Nhu, Nguyen Thi Thu Hong, Tran My Phuc, Pham Thi Thanh Tam, Dang Thao Huong, Tran Tuan Anh, Xutao Deng, Ho Dang Trung Nghia, Tran Thua Nguyen, Nguyen Van Hung, Nguyen Dac Thuan, Pham Thi Hong Phuong, Nguyen Van Vinh Chau, Stephen Baker, Eric Delwart, Guy Thwaites, Le Van Tan
Summary: The study utilized metagenomic next-generation sequencing to detect various viruses in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with acute CNS infection in Vietnamese hospitals. Enteroviruses were found to be the most common type of viruses detected in the study.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Alejandro Granillo, Marion Le Marechal, Luisa Diaz-Arias, John Probasco, Arun Venkatesan, Rodrigo Hasbun
Summary: A risk scoring system that utilizes clinical and laboratory data on admission has been developed and validated to estimate the risk of autoimmune versus viral encephalitis.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Virology
Guy Handley, Stephanie Pankow, Jennifer Dien Bard, Rebecca Yee, Masayuki Nigo, Rodrigo Hasbun
Summary: CMV meningoencephalitis occurs most commonly in patients with HIV, with encephalitis occurring more frequently than meningitis. Clinical and laboratory findings differ compared to other viral etiologies, supporting consideration of CMV in the differential diagnosis of patients with meningoencephalitis.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY
(2021)
Editorial Material
Virology
Anthony J. Sadler
Summary: In this study, the authors investigate the innate immune signaling in a microglial cell line infected with SFTSV. They find that the induction of the host inflammasome response by the SFTSV nonstructural protein contributes to the pathogenesis of the virus, shedding light on its mechanism of disease.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Selda Hancerli Torun, Ozge Kaba, Nurhayat Yakut, Eda Kepenekli Kadayifci, Manolya Kara, Mehpare Sari Yanartas, Ayper Somer, Burcu Bursal Duramaz, Ozden Turel, Nazan Dalgic, Emel Eksi Alp, Enes Sali, Deniz Cakir, Pinar Onal, Haluk Cokugras, Fatma Deniz Aygun, Adem Karbuz, Mustafa Onel, Sevim Mese, Ali Agacfidan
Summary: This study aimed to identify viral etiology in cases of viral meningoencephalitis in a local setting. It was found that viral factors were detected in 77.4% of cases, with enterovirus, adenovirus, and HHV6 being the most common agents. Fever and convulsions were the most common symptoms, with a high usage of antibiotics and antiviral therapy in treatment, and low mortality and sequela rates.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Ping Cheng, Wenjuan Huang, Meifang Yang, Zhiren Chen, Yifan Geng, Xia Zhang, Weiwei Chen
Summary: This case report presents a 43-year-old Asian male with autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy after viral encephalitis. The patient showed symptom relief and decreased lesion enhancement and protein levels after IVIG treatment.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Karen C. Bloch, Carol Glaser, David Gaston, Arun Venkatesan
Summary: Encephalitis, characterized by prolonged neurologic deficits, requires universal testing for core pathogens such as HSV-1, VZV, enteroviruses, West Nile virus, and anti-NMDAR antibody encephalitis. Empiric acyclovir therapy is recommended, with increased dosage for VZV encephalitis. Supportive care is needed for other viral causes. Patients with unknown etiology should undergo repeat imaging, screening for malignancy, and empirical immunomodulatory treatment. NGS or brain biopsy may be considered. The development of advanced molecular tests and understanding of autoimmune encephalitis have greatly improved diagnosis and outcomes. Research focuses on novel therapeutics. This update presents a pragmatic approach to acute encephalitis evaluation, highlighting core pathogens, autoimmune causes, and emerging molecular diagnostics.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Huan Liu, Dexi Liu
Summary: In this study, a novel SARS-CoV-2 viral vector was developed, allowing for investigation by the broader scientific community. The vector transduces target cells in an ACE2-dependent manner, and the incorporation of the VEEV self-amplification mechanism increases gene expression level and extends transgene expression time. Furthermore, the vector has significant applications in neutralizing antibody quantification and antiviral drug testing.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Yi Luo, Nora Moehn, Thomas Skripuletz, Makbule Senel, Hayrettin Tumani, Frank Pessler, Kurt-Wolfram Suehs, Martin Stangel
Summary: The study suggests that elevated CSF Kyn concentrations and Kyn/Trp ratio may serve as biomarkers for distinguishing viral CNS infections from autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases, with particular clinical relevance in distinguishing between HSE and NMDARE. Further research is needed to explore the potential of CSF Kyn levels and Kyn/Trp ratio as routine parameters in patients with CNS diseases.
ANNALS OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL NEUROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Xiaofeng Liu, Kengna Fan, Qingwen Lin, Minjie Tang, Qi Wang, Er Huang, Weiqing Zhang, Tianbin Chen, Qishui Ou
Summary: This study aimed to explore the clinical value of serum exosomal miRNAs in the differential diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis with VE. The results showed that miR-140-5p in exosomes and serum C3 levels could be potential markers for distinguishing anti-NMDAR encephalitis from VE, with good sensitivity and specificity. Combining miR-140-5p with C3 improved the diagnostic value, indicating their potential as a promising tool in clinical practice.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Luyao He, Jialiang Duan, Qingli Shang
Summary: This study presents an unusual case of herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) acute retinal necrosis with viral encephalitis in a immunocompetent child. The patient had severe vitreous opacity that made fundus examination difficult, but HSV-2 DNA was detected in the aqueous humor. The condition was controlled with antiviral and steroid therapy, and prophylactic laser treatment was performed to prevent retinal detachment.
FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE
(2022)
Editorial Material
Microbiology
Sam R. Telford, Anne L. Piantadosi
Summary: A new mouse model has successfully replicated some features of human Powassan encephalitis, showing the presence of viral RNA and myelitis more than 2 months after acute infection. Similar neurological sequelae have been observed in tick-borne encephalitis and West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease, and models for these diseases have also provided evidence of prolonged virus, RNA, and inflammation. Understanding the biological basis for persistent symptoms after Powassan encephalitis could be improved by studying more prevalent flaviviral encephalitides.
Review
Zoology
Dan Yang, Xiao-Jing Li, De-Zhen Tu, Xiu-Li Li, Bin Wei
Summary: Viral infections, especially neurotropic virus-induced viral encephalitis, have caused major public health crises. Understanding the transmission routes of these viruses and the host immune responses is crucial for controlling the spread and improving antiviral therapy outcomes.
ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Pavle Banovic, Adrian Alberto Diaz-Sanchez, Selena Duric, Sinisa Sevic, Vesna Turkulov, Dajana Lendak, Sandra Stefan Mikic, Verica Simin, Dragana Mijatovic, Ivana Bogdan, Aleksandar Potkonjak, Sara Savic, Dasiel Obregon, Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
Summary: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a life-threatening disease with symptoms similar to other viral meningitis/encephalitis, often leading to misdiagnosis in high-risk areas. This study found evidence of TBEV infection among convalescent patients in northern Serbia. The lack of active TBE surveillance and screening in the country highlights the importance of increasing awareness of TBE among physicians and implementing systematic screening for TBEV antibodies in patients with viral meningitis and/or encephalitis.
