Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
K. A. Yasakau, A. C. Bastos, D. Haffner, E. Quandt, F. Feyerabend, M. G. S. Ferreira, M. L. Zheludkevich
Summary: The study found that the coating of Mg5Gd alloy pins effectively reduced the corrosion rate, and revealed the corrosion mechanism of the coating through various electrochemical measurements.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Meihui Sun, Xiaojia Yang, Cuiwei Du, Zhiyong Liu, Yong Li, Yumin Wu, Hongyu San, Xiandong Su, Xiaogang Li
Summary: This study demonstrates that the addition of Sn improves the corrosion resistance of Cr-Mo low alloy steel mainly by influencing microstructural transformation, leading to enhanced protection and stability of the rust layer. The synergistic effect of Sn, Cr, and Mo also provides ion selectivity to the inner rust layer, preventing Cl- penetration and inhibiting localized corrosion of the steel.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Liang Wei, Weimin Qin
Summary: The corrosion behavior of AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high-entropy alloy in aerated sulfuric acid solution was studied. The corrosion mechanism involves micro-galvanic corrosion cells and localized corrosion between different phases. The alloy shows better corrosion resistance compared to most Al-containing dual-phase HEAs.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
H. Q. Li, F. L. Shen, H. Guo, R. Zong, X. Y. Fang, L. J. Zhang
Summary: This study explores a novel laser scanning strategy to achieve distinct dense microstructures in alloys through melting scanning and non-melting scanning, resulting in refined grains and the production of ε-martensite, which can effectively tune the mechanical properties.
SCRIPTA MATERIALIA
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Malte Blankenburg, Linda Baecke, Erik Claesson, Robert Moberg, Nitesh Raj Jaladurgam, Fredrik Lindberg, Magnus Gladh, Marten Edwards, Martin Lind, Stephen A. Hall
Summary: High-energy synchrotron X-ray small-angle scattering (SAXS) was used to study the precipitate development in a Ti-Nb micro-alloyed, high-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steel during hot rolling and cooling. The study included Gleeble and dilatometer trials to investigate precipitation during hot rolling conditions, and samples were analyzed using SAXS and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The measurements revealed particle coarsening after deformation at high temperature and an increase in the volume fraction of precipitates after holding at 900 degrees C, confirming strain-induced precipitation. The study also showed that holding at 600 or 650 degrees C for one hour resulted in a larger volume fraction of nanosized particles, and coiling simulations with slow cooling demonstrated particle coarsening and an increase in the volume fraction of smaller particles compared to holding at a constant temperature.
ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Shuyu Liu, Wei Zhang, Yingbo Peng, Rui Zhou, Haijiang Wang, Qingyuan Ma
Summary: The (Fe40Co50Ni10)-(VNbTaZrCx) alloys, strengthened by in-situ high entropy multi-component carbides (MCCs), showed remarkable strengthening and toughening effects. The combination of high entropy MCCs with dispersion strengthening and grain refinement strengthening contributed to the increase in both strength and ductility. The microstructure of the alloys was significantly refined with the increase of carbon content, leading to improved mechanical properties.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Salil Sainis, Caterina Zanella
Summary: The formation of corrosion inhibiting conversion coatings in aluminum alloys is triggered by micro-galvanic couples, with ceria coatings being spontaneously formed due to local precipitation of ceria conversion compounds driven by a high pH gradient. The presence of Cu-rich and Fe-rich intermetallics plays a crucial role in the localized deposition reaction. Based on experimental observations in Al-Si alloys, a mechanism of localized coating initiation at Fe-rich intermetallic particles has been proposed.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Mingjun Yang, Andrey Orekhov, Zhi-Yi Hu, Man Feng, Shenbao Jin, Gang Sha, Kai Li, Vahid Samaee, Min Song, Yong Du, Gustaaf Van Tendeloo, Dominique Schryvers
Summary: In-situ TEM experiments revealed that coherent beta'' precipitates in Al alloys are sheared into small fragments by dislocations, while semi-coherent beta' precipitates are more difficult to be fragmented and can maintain their shape after tensile deformation.
Article
Materials Science, Coatings & Films
Bingjin Yu, Yan Gu, Jieqiong Lin, Silin Liu, Sen Zhang, Mingshuo Kang, Yuan Xi, Yinghuan Gao, Huibo Zhao, Qingsong Ye
Summary: This study investigates the effect of magnetorheological polishing on the surface quality of CoCrMo alloy. By designing a polishing tool and planning a path, the polishing effect is optimized. The influence of different process parameters on polishing forces and surface roughness values is also studied. The results demonstrate the ability of magnetorheological polishing to improve the surface quality of CoCrMo alloys, providing guidance for the development of advanced biomedical implants.
SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Shuang Li, Matthew Olszta, Lei Li, Bharat Gwalani, Ayoub Soulami, Cynthia A. Powell, Suveen Mathaudhu, Arun Devaraj, Chongmin Wang
Summary: Phase boundaries play a crucial role in plastic deformation of multiphase alloys. A novel in-situ TEM shear deformation technique was used to study the evolution of interfacial microstructure in a Cu-Nb alloy, revealing the significance of phase boundary morphology in impeding slip and influencing plastic deformation.
SCRIPTA MATERIALIA
(2021)
Article
Physics, Applied
Y. Shimada, Y. Ikeda, K. Yoshida, M. Sato, J. Chen, Y. Du, K. Inoue, R. Maass, Y. Nagai, T. J. Konno
Summary: The experimental conditions inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM), such as ultra-high vacuum and high-energy electron irradiation, can cause unexpected microstructural changes during in situ thermal-annealing experiments. This paper reports on the microstructural changes of a Fe-15%Si alloy during in situ TEM annealing and observes the precipitation of alpha-Fe both at the sample surface and inside the sample. Vacancies on Si sites induced by high-energy electron irradiation and enhanced thermal diffusion of Fe atoms contribute to this unexpected microstructural evolution.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yabo Hu, Chaofang Dong, Decheng Kong, Min Ao, Jungang Ding, Xiaoqing Ni, Liang Zhang, Pan Yi, Xiaogang Li
Summary: H2O2 has dual effects on the degradation behavior of biomedical materials depending on its concentration. It can facilitate the formation of a protective passive film at an appropriate concentration, but a high concentration can result in a change in the composition of the film, leading to a loss of protection.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Pan Yi, Dihao Chen, Menglin Li, Zhen Yang, Zhenggang Fang, Juan Mo, Kui Xiao, Chaofang Dong
Summary: This study investigated the influence of Nd on the corrosion behavior of a SAC305 alloy. The addition of Nd reduced the undercooling in the solidification process to 1.5-2.5 degrees Celsius. The corrosion resistance of the solder was significantly improved with Nd addition, evidenced by the decrease in potential difference between IMCs and Sn, the increase in passivation film thickness, and the greater proportion of SnO2 in the corrosion product layer in the pseudopassivation region. Specifically, the addition of 0.05 wt% Nd showed the most pronounced improvement effects.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Yao Wang, Yuanxing Li, Hui Chen, Yujie Bai, Yi Liu, Zongtao Zhu
Summary: The diffusion bonding of Zr-4 alloy at high temperature poses a risk to the safe operation of nuclear reactors. However, this study shows that by hydrogenation, the diffusion bonding of Zr-4 alloy can be achieved at lower temperatures. The observed microstructure and phase evolution during heating reveal that the decomposition of zirconium hydrides and the formation of beta-Zr phase enable the bonding process.
SCRIPTA MATERIALIA
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Salil Sainis, Caterina Zanella
Summary: This study investigates the spontaneous triggering mechanism of cerium-based conversion coatings and the influence of surface preparations on the coating properties. By subjecting two different cast aluminum alloys to various surface treatments, the changes in surface state are monitored and correlated with the formation of conversion coatings.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yunjuan He, Yaman Boluk, Jinshan Pan, Anwar Ahniyaz, Tomas Deltin, Per M. Claesson
JOURNAL OF DISPERSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Rui-Qing Hou, Fan Zhang, Ping-Li Jiang, Shi-Gang Dong, Jin-Shan Pan, Chang-Jian Lin
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Fan Zhang, Cem Ornek, Jan-Olov Nilsson, Jinshan Pan
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jie Cheng, Sulin Chen, Fan Zhang, Bin Shen, Xinchun Lu, Jinshan Pan
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jinshan Pan
FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS
(2020)
Article
Polymer Science
Zhengliang Bian, Lin Zhang, Shuai Wu, Feng He, Fan Zhang, Jinshan Pan, Guoxin Xie
Summary: In this study, core-shell nanoparticles composed of PTFE as the core and PMMA as the shell were synthesized to improve the uniformity, tensile strength, and wear resistance of the resulting core-shell nanocomposites. The experiments demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties and reduced wear rate of the core-shell nanocomposites compared to mechanically mixed composites with the same composition. The study also investigated the effects of temperature on the friction coefficient and interfacial mechanical properties of the core-shell nanocomposites.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Cem Ornek, Alfred Larsson, Gary S. Harlow, Fan Zhang, Robin Kroll, Franceso Carla, Hadeel Hussain, Ulf Kivisakk, Dirk L. Engelberg, Edvin Lundgren, Jinshan Pan
SCRIPTA MATERIALIA
(2020)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Fan Zhang, Cem Ornek, Min Liu, Timo Mueller, Ulrich Lienert, Vilma Ratia-Hanby, Leena Carpen, Elisa Isotahdon, Jinshan Pan
Summary: Through synchrotron high-energy XRD measurements and ab-initio DFT calculations, it was found that sulfur promotes hydrogen adsorption on copper. Water-induced surface reconstruction and hydrogen insertion into the microstructure lead to lattice expansion and weakening of metal bonds, ultimately causing lattice degradation and a risk of hydrogen-induced cracking in the presence of sulfur.
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yanhui Cao, Dajiang Zheng, Fan Zhang, Jinshan Pan, Changjian Lin
Summary: This paper comprehensively reviews the recent developments in the field of corrosion and protection using layered double hydroxide (LDH), covering its unique characteristics, preparation methods, and applications in different environments. The paper also proposes new perspectives for future research in the corrosion and protection field.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xiaoqi Yue, Zhile Yang, Luyao Huang, Lei Zhang, Jun Li, Zhaozhan Xue, Jinshan Pan
Summary: The electrochemical behavior and passive film characteristics of an ultra-thin 316L foil in a NaCl solution were studied. The microstructure, applied potential, and solution pH were found to have significant effects on the performance of the 316L foil. Compared to traditional wrought 316L, the 316L foil exhibited higher breakdown potential and lower passive current density, with a passive film enriched in Cr and Mo oxides. The favorable microstructure and absence of MnS inclusions contribute to the formation of a continuous and compact passive film, providing effective corrosion resistance in NaCl solution and stability under acidic conditions or high polarized potential.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Alfred Larsson, Konstantin Simonov, Josefin Eidhagen, Andrea Grespi, Xiaoqi Yue, Huajie Tang, Anna Delblanc, Mattia Scardamaglia, Andrey Shavorskiy, Jinshan Pan, Edvin Lundgren
Summary: In this study, Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy combined with an electrochemical setup was used to investigate the electrochemical oxide growth on an industrial Ni-Cr-Mo alloy in situ. The native oxide film was found to be 11.4 Å thick and rich in Cr3+. Under 0.1 M NaCl electrolyte, anodic growth of the oxide film at potentials up to 700 mV vs Ag/AgCl nearly doubled its thickness.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Electrochemistry
Josefin Eidhagen, Alfred Larsson, Alexei Preobrajenski, Anna Delblanc, Edvin Lundgren, Jinshan Pan
Summary: Synchrotron-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to investigate the aging effect on the passive film of Ni23Cr15Mo and Ni22Cr9Mo3Nb. The corrosion resistance of the two alloys in 1 M NaCl solution was evaluated using electrochemical cyclic polarization measurement. The XPS analysis revealed that the passive film consists of an inner oxide layer and an outer hydroxide layer. Aging in air led to the growth of the Cr-oxide in the inner layer and transformation of lower valence oxides into higher valence oxides in the mixed oxides and hydroxides of Mo and Nb.
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xiaoqi Yue, Zhile Yang, Alfred Larsson, Huajie Tang, Stephan Appelfeller, Birhan Sefer, Alexei Preobrajenski, Jun Li, Lei Zhang, Jinshan Pan
Summary: The reformation and characterization of the passive film formed on ultra-thin 316 L after hydrogen charging is investigated. The results show that after 12 hours of hydrogen release, the ultra-thin foil forms a passive film in NaCl solution, which is half the thickness of the original passive film.
NPJ MATERIALS DEGRADATION
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Wenchao Li, Kangning Liu, Jiangshun Wu, Qinglin Lian, Yujie Qiang, Jinshan Pan, Ying Jin
Summary: A finite element model is used to analyze the dynamics of atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel considering the influence of electrolyte film thickness and corrosion product porosity. The impact of electrolyte film thickness and corrosion product porosity on oxygen diffusion path and the hindrance effect of corrosion products on the metal surface activity are evaluated. The time evolution of corrosion current density and controlling steps in the corrosion process are investigated. The results indicate that when the corrosion products are loose, oxygen diffusion is the dominant controlling step and the corrosion rate decreases with thicker electrolyte film. When the corrosion products are dense, the corrosion process is controlled by a mixture of oxygen diffusion and surface discharge, and the corrosion rate is solely determined by the corrosion product porosity, independent of the electrolyte film thickness.
NPJ MATERIALS DEGRADATION
(2023)
Article
Electrochemistry
Cem Ornek, Christofer Leygraf, Jinshan Pan
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2020)
Article
Electrochemistry
Abdul Qayoom Mugheri, Shaista Khan, Ali Asghar Sangah, Aijaz Ahmed Bhutto, Muhammad Younis Laghari, Nadeem Ahmed Mugheri, Asif Ali Jamali, Arsalan Ahmed Mugheri, Nagji Sodho, Abdul Waheed Mastoi, Aftab Kandhro
Summary: Green hydrogen has the potential to transition to a pollution-free energy infrastructure. This study proposes a solution to produce hydrogen during the photoelectrochemical process, offering greater stability and control over chemical reactions. Techno-economic assessments show the efficiency and economic feasibility of co-producing value-added chemicals to enhance green hydrogen production.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2024)
Article
Electrochemistry
Danpeng Cheng, Wuxin Sha, Qigao Han, Shun Tang, Jun Zhong, Jinqiao Du, Jie Tian, Yuan-Cheng Cao
Summary: LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 (NCM) is a critical cathode material for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. The aging of cathode/electrolyte interfaces leads to capacity degradation and long-term cycle instability. A novel neural network model called ACGNet is developed to predict electrochemical stability windows of crystals, allowing for high-throughput screening of coating materials. LiPO3 is identified as a promising coating material with high oxidation voltage and low cost, which significantly improves the cycle stability of NCM batteries. This study demonstrates the accuracy and potential of machine learning in battery materials.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2024)
Article
Electrochemistry
P. Mohana, R. Yuvakkumar, G. Ravi, S. Arunmetha
Summary: This study successfully fabricates a non-noble CuO/NiO/rGO nanocomposite and investigates its electrocatalytic performance for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline environment. The experimental results demonstrate that the electrocatalyst exhibits high activity and good stability, offering a new synthetic approach for sustainable energy production.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2024)
Article
Electrochemistry
Qiong Qu, Jing Guo, Hongyu Wang, Kai Zhang, Jingde Li
Summary: In this study, a bifunctional electrode host design consisting of carbon nanofibers implanted ordered porous Co-decorated Al2O3 supported on carbon nanotube film (CNTF) was proposed to address the shuttling effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and dendrite formation of metal lithium anode in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. The electrode exhibited excellent conductivity, efficient confinement of LiPSs, and catalytic conversion performance, resulting in high initial capacity and good capacity retention during cycling. As an anode, the electrode showed excellent Li+ diffusion performance and uniform lithium growth behavior, achieving a dendrite-free lithium electrode. The flexible pack cell assembled from these electrodes delivered a specific capacity of 972 mAh g(-1) with good capacity retention.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2024)
Article
Electrochemistry
Hong Zhang, Jin-Peng Yu, Chen Chen, Cheng-Yong Shu, Guang-Yu Xu, Jie Ren, Kai Cui, Wen-Fang Cai, Yun-Hai Wang, Kun Guo
Summary: Spray coating of acetylene black nanoparticles onto stainless steel mesh can enhance its biofilm formation ability and current density, making it a promising electrode material for microbial electrochemical systems. The spray coating method is simple, cost-effective, and suitable for large-size stainless steel electrodes.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2024)
Article
Electrochemistry
Binpeng Hou, Jingjin Chen, Li-Hong Zhang, Xiaowen Shi, Zizhong Zhu
Summary: The electrochemical performance of Li1.20Mn0.44Ni0.32Co0.04O2 and its oxygen-deficient phase Li1.20Mn0.44Ni0.32Co0.04O1.83 was studied through first-principles calculations. The results show that the oxygen-deficient phase has a higher theoretical capacity but lower voltage platform and higher chemical activity compared to the pristine phase.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2024)
Article
Electrochemistry
Yating Du, Sayoko Shironita, Daisuke Asakura, Eiji Hosono, Yoshitsugu Sone, Yugo Miseki, Eiichi Kobayashi, Minoru Umeda
Summary: This study investigates the effect of high- and low-temperature environments on the charge-discharge performance of a Li-ion battery. The deterioration mechanisms of the battery at different temperatures are analyzed through various characterization techniques. The results indicate that the battery performance deteriorates more significantly at a low-temperature environment of 5 degrees C compared to higher temperatures. The understanding of the deterioration mechanisms can contribute to the development of safer battery usage methods.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2024)
Article
Electrochemistry
Si-Si Shi, Zhi-Xiang Yuan, Fei Zhang, Ping Chen
Summary: In this study, a new nano-electrocatalyst was prepared, which exhibited superior electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of NO2- to ammonia in a neutral electrolyte, potentially due to the synergistic enhancement between Co3O4-x and Co.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2024)
Article
Electrochemistry
Berna Dalkiran, Havva Bekirog
Summary: This study reports the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on ethylene glycol and urea as low-cost and green electrolytes for enhancing electrochemical detection of natural antioxidants. The study successfully developed a disposable and effective electrochemical sensing platform for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA) and gallic acid (GA) using NaOH nanorods on a pencil graphite electrode. The proposed electrode showed improved analytical performance, with higher peak currents and shifted oxidation potentials in DES compared to BR buffer medium.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2024)
Article
Electrochemistry
Sijun Ren, Jianguo Huang
Summary: In this study, a novel bio-inspired nanofibrous WO3/carbon composite was synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method. The three-dimensional network structure of the composite alleviated the volume expansion of WO3 nanorods and enhanced the charge-transport kinetics. The optimized composite exhibited superior lithium storage properties.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2024)
Article
Electrochemistry
Zhilong Zheng, Yu Chen, Hongxia Yin, Hengbo Xiao, Xiangji Zhou, Zhiwen Li, Ximin Li, Jin Chen, Songliu Yuan, Junjie Guo, Haibin Yu, Zhen Zhang, Lihua Qian
Summary: This study found that interstitial Zn cations in CoMoO4 can modulate the dissolution kinetics of Mo cations and improve the OER performance. The interstitial Zn cations can prevent the dissolution of Co cations at high potential, enhancing the durability of the catalyst.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2024)
Article
Electrochemistry
Xiaobo Lin, Shern R. Tee, Debra J. Searles, Peter T. Cummings
Summary: Molecular dynamics simulations using the constant potential method were used to investigate the charging dynamics and charge storage of supercapacitors. The simulations revealed that the water-in-salt electrolyte exhibited the highest charge storage and significantly higher capacitance on the negative electrode. The varying contributions of different electrode regions to supercapacitor performance were also demonstrated.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2024)
Article
Electrochemistry
Wiktoria Lipinska, Vita Saska, Katarzyna Siuzdak, Jakub Karczewski, Karol Zaleski, Emerson Coy, Anne de Poulpiquet, Ievgen Mazurenko, Elisabeth Lojou
Summary: The spatial distribution of enzymes on electrodes is important for bioelectrocatalysis. In this study, controlled spatial distribution of gold nanoparticles on Ti nanodimples was achieved. The efficiency of enzymatic O2 reduction was found to be influenced by the size of the gold nanoparticles and their colocalization with TiO2. The highest stability of enzymatic current was observed with the largest gold nanoparticles.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2024)
Article
Electrochemistry
Tariq M. Al-Hejri, Zeenat A. Shaikh, Ahmed H. Al-Naggar, Siddheshwar D. Raut, Tabassum Siddiqui, Hamdan M. Danamah, Vijaykumar V. Jadhav, Abdullah M. Al-Enizi, Rajaram S. Mane
Summary: This study explores a promising self-growth approach for the synthesis of nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) nanosponge-balls on the surface of a nickel-foam (NiF) electrode. The modified NiF electrode, named Ni(OH)2@NiF, shows distinctive nanosponge-ball morphology and demonstrates excellent energy storage capability and electrocatalytic performance in both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2024)
Article
Electrochemistry
Rafael Del Olmo, Gregorio Guzman-Gonzalez, Oihane Sanz, Maria Forsyth, Nerea Casado
Summary: The use of Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) is becoming increasingly extensive, and it is important to optimize the devices to achieve their maximum practical specific capacity. In this study, mixed ionic-electronic conducting (MIEC) binders based on PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT: PDADMA-TFSI were developed for Li-ion cathodes, and their performance was compared with conventional formulations. The influence of electrode formulations, including the addition of conducting carbon and an Organic Ionic Plastic Cristal (OIPC), was also analyzed. The proposed binders showed improved performance compared to conventional formulations with different electrolyte types and active materials.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2024)
